Discrimination Treatment Of African Americans Essay

It is known as the land of the free and home of the brave. It’s the United States of America one of the greatest countries to live in. A country where many other people from around the world wish they lived in. â€Å"This country is home to five percent of the world’s population† (13th, Netflix). But I ask is it really the land of the free for everyone? Unfair treatment to African Americans has been around for decades and it’s gone from slavery, to mass incarceration, to police brutality, and to racism that still occurs in the present time. African Americans make up to twelve point three percent of the United States. Through the decades mass incarceration of African Americans has skyrocketed. The dramatic increase in mass incarceration of African Americans has now left more blacks in prison then there was during the time of slavery. Since America started taking more and more prisoners throughout the years a film documentary named 13th illustrates that â₠¬Å"the United States now home to twenty five percent of the world’s prisoners† and that â€Å"1 and 4 human beings are locked up with their hands on bars in this country they call the land of the free† (Netflix). Millions of dollars were spent building more and more prisons to contain and hold all of the prisoners from over the years of incarcerating so much people. So the United States may be known as the land of the free, but to the African American people it isn’t or hasn’t always been so free for them. Unfair treatment to the AfricanShow MoreRelatedDiscrimination Treatment Of African Americans Essay1137 Words   |  5 Pagesthe free really a place of freedom for us all? Unfair treatment of African American has been around for decades and its gone from slavery to mass incarceration, to police brutality and to racism that still occurs in the present time. African Americans make up to 12.3 percent of the United States’ population. Through t he decades, mass incarceration of African Americans has skyrocketed. The dramatic increase in mass incarceration of African Americans has now left more blacks in prison that there wereRead MoreDiscrimination Treatment Of African Americans Essay2319 Words   |  10 Pagesthe free really a place of freedom for us all? Unfair treatment of African Americans has been around for decades and it has gone from slavery to mass incarceration, police brutality and racism, which all still occur presently. African Americans make up 12.3 percent of the United States’ population, and through the decades, mass incarceration of African Americans has skyrocketed. The dramatic increase in the mass incarceration of African Americans has now left more blacks in prison than there were duringRead MoreRacial Discrimination And Related Treatment Of African Americans Essay1735 Words   |  7 Pageshas not had people against them just because they were them† (Ross 2016). Racial discrimination an d related treatment of African Americans over the decades may be deeply rooted in American culture. In fact, it can be traced to the Founding Fathers. As history tells us, two of the most famous Founding Fathers owned slaves, and it goes without saying that for one to justify another’s enslavement—as did wealthy American colonials—that person would have to hold to the belief that the slave is by definitionRead MoreA Brief Note On Medical Care For African Americans Essay1421 Words   |  6 PagesDifferences in Medical Care for African-Americans Discrimination and the differential quality of medical care African-Americans receive are seen in all levels of professional healthcare workers. The differential treatments are ultimately affecting African-American lives due to the pertained racial divide and continued racism that is engrained in American society. The accumulation of racial biases reflects societal norms and it’s problems, and the increase skepticism African-Americans have towards health careRead MoreThe Transformation Of Housing Discrimination Toward African American1750 Words   |  7 Pages The Transformation of Housing Discrimination toward African American One of the American Dreams, home ownership, still inspiriting people to work hard and pursue their dream. In order to achieve a â€Å"color blind† society, the government set many policies to ensure everyone received the equal opportunities when they try to buy a house in the U.S. For example, the Fair Housing Act as a tool to prohibit the discrimination from color, race, gender, religion or family status (Wolf, Heath). However, thereRead MoreDiscrimination And Psychiatric Disorders Among Older African Americans863 Words   |  4 PagesAda Delpino African Americans Discrimination and psychiatric disorders among older African Americans INTRODUCTION: Mouzon, D. M., Taylor, R. J., Keith, V. M., Nicklett, E. J., Chatters, L. M. (2016). Discrimination and psychiatric disorders among older African Americans. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. It is with extreme sadness that I read this article. The thought, that an entire population of people exist every day feeling less than, treated less thanRead MoreU.s. Slavery Reparations972 Words   |  4 PagesShould African Americans Receive Reparations? Racism and hate have played a major role in United States history. These words have been the fuel behind slavery, inhuman treatment, and genocides. The Kosovo, Native Americans, Japanese, and African Americans are some of the prominent races that have been affected by racism and hate. The U.S. have given reparations to the victims of Kosovo, Native American, and Japanese, but no reparation have been given to African Americans. For fiveRead MoreA Reflection of the Treatment of African Americans in the 1920s and 30s1378 Words   |  6 PagesWar II, African Americans faced many forms of discrimination. After World War I, during the 1920s, some 800,000 African Americans moved north to cities such as Detroit, New York City and Chicago due to the harsh treatment they faced in the South. However, the North was not free of bigotry. Langston Hughes, a famous African American poet and author, wrote many poems describing the treatment of African Americans and their struggle t o survive. Hughes poems reflect the treatment of African AmericansRead MoreThe Black Renaissance And The Great Depression971 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout history African Americans have not had it easy. Blacks in America have had a long struggle to gain equality and freedom, which still exists to this day. The years 1917 to 1945 were particularly tough for African Americans. Racial discrimination was at a high and segregation laws enforced the idea that blacks were inferior to the whites. African Americans desired to escape the unfair treatment and obtain equal rights, but found themselves stuck. The two World Wars drew African Americans North inRead MoreRacism And Discrimination903 Words   |  4 Pageswhereas discrimination is the unjust and prejudicial treatment towards people or things of a different category or in a sense, the minorities, especially towards race, age, and sexuality. These heinous and prejudicial treatments are happening all over the world ever since the beginning of civilization, with the example of Jewish people being enslaved in ancient Egypt. It can even allude to you or people around you as racism and discrimination can happen to anyone. With these cruel treatments, there

Bone Cancer A Rare Form Of Cancer - 1792 Words

Bone cancer is a rare form of cancer that starts in a person’s bone structure. Bone cancer can develop in any bone of the person, but is commonly seen in the longer bones in the person’s upper and lower extremities. There are several types of bone malignancies that are known, some of which affect children while others primarily impact adults (Mayo Clinic, 2015, p. 1). Among the more prevalent types of bone malignancies include the following (a) Osteosarcoma, this type of malignancy begins in the osteoid tissue of the bone, occurring mainly in the region of the upper arm and the knees; (b) Chondrosarcoma, mainly begins in the cartilage of the bone, and; (c) The Ewing Sarcoma Family of Tumors (ESFTs), occurs in the bone, but also impacts the soft tissue. This type is commonly discovered in the spine and the pelvis region as well as the arms and lower extremities of the person (National Cancer Institute, 2008, p. 1). Aside from these three, there are other types of bone cancers. Among them are Pleomorphic sarcoma of bone or malignant fibrous histiocytoma where these primary affect the soft tissue structures of the body; nevertheless, up to five percent of these cases develop in the bone itself. Lastly, fibrosacroma is a type of cancer that develops in the region behind the area of the knee (Medicine Net, 2015, p. 1). Osteosarcoma is managed with invasive as well as multi-agent chemotherapy regimens. It is crucial for patients are assessed by an orthopedic oncologistShow MoreRelatedInformative Speech : Metastatic Bone Disease860 Words   |  4 PagesTopic: Metastatic Bone Disease Specific Purpose: My intention is to raise awareness of one cancer as well as understanding the purpose of the study. Central Idea: Metastatic bone cancer also known as Osteosarcoma is rare cancer that has no cure. For That reason, more funding and research need to go treatment. Organizational Pattern: Topical order Developmental Forms: Development, Visual Aids Introduction: I. Get attention. I am going to speak to my classmate about cancer. I know cancer is a difficultRead MoreSymptoms and Treatment of Bone Cancer792 Words   |  3 PagesOverview Cancer has hundreds of different types. One of these types is bone cancer. Like most other types of cancer, if bone cancer is not found and treated, it can kill you. Bone cancer is defined as when you get cancer in your bone’s cells. There are two different types of bone cancer. It can be primary or secondary. Primary bone cancer originates in your bones and has several subtypes. However, secondary bone cancer is when the cancer spreads from other parts of your body (such as your lungs)Read MoreAnatomy Carcinoma Of Lung / Skull Metastasis1226 Words   |  5 Pagescarcinomas is cancer that appears in the epithelial tissue. Epithelial tissue is mostly found in the lining of your organs, like the esophagus. Squamous cell carcinoma, or SqCc for short, is known to produce malignant tumours in the brain parenchyma. There has been a case of SqCc that has impacted the parietal bone. An 80 year old Australian man was admitted with a rare form of metastatic carcinoma of the lung. After a physical examination, it was conclude that there was an extensive amount of bone destructionRead MoreEssay about Leukemia and Its Treatment843 Words   |  4 Pagestreat the cancer. Leukemia is a type of cancer. Cancer is a group of more than 100 diseases that have two or more important things in common. One is that certain cells in the body become abnormal. Another is that the body keeps producing large numbers of these abnormal cells. Leukemia is cancer of the blood ce3lls. When leukemia develops the body produces large numbers of abnormal blood cells. In most types of leukemia, the abnormal blood cells and they do not function properly.(Cancer compass 10) Read MoreThe Work Of Living With A Rare Cancer : Multiple Myeloma1482 Words   |  6 PagesMultiple myeloma (MM) is a rare life-threatening cancer that affects the white blood cells known as plasma cells that are found in the soft, spongy tissue at the center of the bones, called bone marrow. The plasma cells are useful in fighting infections by producing antibodies that recognize and attack germs. The plasma cells are transformed into malignant myeloma cells when there are high levels of M proteins or bett er known as the production of abnormal antibodies from a result of myeloma cellsRead MoreCancer Is The Father Of Medicine1458 Words   |  6 PagesCancer is when the cells in a part of the body start to grow out of control. Many types of cancer exist, but they all start the same way, out-of-control growth of cells. It is the second leading cause of death in the United States.The word cancer is credited to the Hippocrates, who is also considered the father of medicine. About one-half of all men and one-third of all women will develop cancer at some point in their lifetime. The first evidence of cancer was found among fossilized bone tumorsRead MoreCommon Types Of Primary Bone Cancer1737 Words   |  7 Pageses. Cancer can begin in any type of bone tissue. Bones are made up of osteoid (hard or compact), cartilaginous (tough, flexible), and fibrous (threadlike) tissue, as well as elements of bone marrow (soft, spongy tissue in the center of most bones). Common types of primary bone cancer include the following: Osteosarcoma, which arises from osteoid tissue in the bone. This tumor occurs most often in the knee and upper arm (1). Chondrosarcoma, which begins in cartilaginous tissue. Cartilage pads theRead MoreBreast Cancer : A Form Of Cancer1373 Words   |  6 Pagesbreast cancer. Breast cancer is a form of cancer that affects the cells of the breast. This happens when cells in the breast grow abnormally. It can spread to nearby tissues and lymph nodes. This cancer can affect bones, liver, and even your brain. All women and men are at risk for breast cancer. It can affect people of every age, race, and ethnic group. Between the ages of 40 and 50, African American women have a higher chance of receiving breast cancer. The ultimate impact of breast cancer is deathRead MoreChildhood Cancer Essay example1626 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood Cancer By: Amanda Bone July 11, 2010 HCA/240 Bruce Gould The body is made up of hundreds of millions of living cells. Normal body cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion. During the early years of a person’s life, normal cells divide faster to allow the person to grow. After the person becomes an adult, most cells divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells or to repair injuries. Cancer begins when cells in a part of the body start to grow out of control. ThereRead MoreThe Treatment Of Bone Cancer Essay1604 Words   |  7 Pagesthe subject of bone cancer because I have had a couple instances of cancer in my family. My father died in his thirties from a rare form of lymphoma when I was eight years old and my maternal grandfather died from leukemia in his eighties when I was twenty-eight years old. The same grandfather had colon cancer in his mid-fifties. This resulted in surgery to remove most of his colon which lead to the use a colostomy bag for the remaining part of his life. I know that some forms of cance r are caused by

Transactions on Information Forensics and Security †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Transactions on Information Forensics and Security. Answer: Introduction: According to this particular article, network security is an important part of modern technology that is based on the internet and the virtual world. With the massive advancement of modern computing and information technology, the security threats are also increasing day by day. Hence, they have reiterated their concern regarding the situation of network security in the current world. They expressed in their works that network security issues are the fastest growing problems in the modern technology as the unethical users of the internet are using unethical techniques to steal information from other organizations or entities. Sometimes, the information is used as a medium for ransom. In this article, the authors have emphasized their works mainly on the nature of the network security issues that are consistently threatening the world technology at the current time. They said that the main security threat comes from the numerous malwares that are spread throughout the internet in the forms of popups, website links, patch files and others by some unethical users of the internet. These files have the capability to create malfunctions inside a system or even destroy it in certain conditions. Although these files can be removed more or less easily, there are massive threats as they go undetected most of the times while entering the system. The authors in their work emphasized on the subject of hacking that have become the biggest threat to the online virtual world these days. Using strong hacking techniques, hackers are able to access even the most secure information from different organizations and use them for ransom or even sell them to the rival organizations in exchange of money. With the development of technology, the technologies of the hackers are also advancing at an alarming rate and as a result, they now have the power to take over the entire server of an organization, even if it is for a few minutes. Within this small period of time, the hackers are able to extract the secure pieces of information that are stored inside the server. Virtualization of the storage systems has further attracted the attackers to steal the data and information. In exchange of return, the hackers either claim large ransom or sell them to a rival organization. In this article, the authors have discussed about possible effects of these security issues on the computing world. They have first raised the concern that the most basic level of effect is the stealing of personal information of different persons for doing unethical works and transactions with identity masking. However, they have expressed that the far reaching consequences are even worse than this problem. Due to the hacking of the servers of different private or government organizations, secure data and information are lost. While the business and other similar data generates high sale or ransom values, the organization and eventually the country faces economic crisis due to virtualization of the monetary unites. On the other hand, from government organizations, defense and security data can be stolen and might be sent to rival countries by the hackers, resulting in the wars. The authors here have discussed about possible solutions for the network security issues. They have advised the common and general users to use strong firewalls and antivirus security softwares to protect the system. According to them, these will be more or less sufficient for home connections. However, they also said that the large organizations need to revamp their existing IT model and reinforce cyber security options before starting daily operations of business and others. References Carter, K. M., Idika, N., Streilein, W. W. (2014). Probabilistic threat propagation for network security. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 9(9), 1394-1405. Daya, B. (2013). Network security: History, importance, and future. University of Florida Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Durairajan, M. S., Saravanan, R. (2014). Biometrics Based Key Generation using Diffie Hellman Key Exchange for Enhanced Security Mechanism. International Journal of ChemTech Research CODEN (USA): IJCRGG, 6(9), 4359-4365. Gelenbe, E., Grbil, G., Tzovaras, D., Liebergeld, S., Garcia, D., Baltatu, M., Lyberopoulos, G. (2013). NEMESYS: Enhanced network security for seamless service provisioning in the smart mobile ecosystem. In Information Sciences and Systems 2013 (pp. 369-378). Springer, Cham. Kahate, A. (2013).Cryptography and network security. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Knapp, E. D., Langill, J. T. (2014).Industrial Network Security: Securing critical infrastructure networks for smart grid, SCADA, and other Industrial Control Systems. Syngress. Manshaei, M. H., Zhu, Q., Alpcan, T., Bac?ar, T., Hubaux, J. P. (2013). Game theory meets network security and privacy.ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR),45(3), 25. Perlman, R., Kaufman, C., Speciner, M. (2016).Network security: private communication in a public world. Pearson Education India. Shin, S., Wang, H., Gu, G. (2015). A first step toward network security virtualization: from concept to prototype. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 10(10), 2236-2249. Stallings, W., Tahiliani, M. P. (2014).Cryptography and network security: principles and practice(Vol. 6). London: Pearson.

Internet and Digital Literacy Indigenous Employment

Question: Describe about the Internet and Digital Literacy for Indigenous Employment. Answer: Literature Review According to estimates from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), the Aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islander comprise of roughly 700,000 people or approximately three percent of the Australian total population. Most of these marginalized groups live in South Wales (208,500) and Queensland (190,000) inhabitants (ABS, 2015). The Aboriginal are today known to have a younger age population compared tot eh non-indigenous population, comprising of massive proportions of citizens who are young and a smaller percentage of elderly. The median age of the Aboriginals by 2011 was 21.8 years comparatively to the 37 years of the indigenous population (Mahadeva, 2016). Fig 1.0 Age group comparison of the Aboriginal VS Non-indigenous To be precise with the above statistics, amongst the people identified as Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander in 2011, it is only 6 percent of this particular cluster were Torres Strait Islander and 4 percent combination of both, while the rest 90 percent were identified as pure Aboriginal. As of June 2011, approximately 33 percent of the Aboriginals and Torres stayed in the main cities across Australia. An additional 15 percent remained in inner regional Australia, another 15 percent were in outer regional Australia, while the rest stayed in remote and very remote regions of Australia (Department of Aboriginal Affairs, 2016). The scenario is indicated in the table below. Aboriginals and Torres Non-Indigenous Total Remoteness of the Region Percentage Percentage Percentage Major Capitals 34 72 70 Inner regions 22 18 19 Outer Regions 21 9 9 Remote regions 8 1 1 Very remote regions 14 1 1 Table 1.0: Percentage of Aboriginal VS non-indigenous in Australian regions Therefore, due to marginalization, the aboriginals are consistently associated with isolation with extremely minimal levels of literacy and to be precise digital literacy. The group is known to lack basic computing skills such as sending and reading emails, using typical office applications, or even browsing the internet (Cicarelli, 2012). As a result, the Aboriginals are unable to tap into the opportunities presented through the information superhighway (ABS, 2010). How to Assist the Aboriginals living in remote areas of Australia One of the best ways to instill digital literacy is to ensure that all the Aboriginals possess basic literacy skills. Such a population groups should have access to tools that will teach them how to read and writer. However, since literacy is a long process that may take almost two decades, and often it is a prerogative of the government to ensure that all citizens are equally educated. Therefore I am proposing a digital literacy program that will teach basic digital literacy skills such as operating computers, processing documents, accessing the internet and reading/replying emails (Deakin University, 2010). The digital literacy program will mostly focus on the active and young minds, and the opportunities will be on merit, first come first served. Through the initiative, there shall be a digital literacy hub that integrates an interactive and a digital platform system comprising of proactive IT tools, schooling resources, and libraries that will improve upon the indigenous population digital literacy skills (Rivoltella, 2008). The dynamic learning environment will provide interactive learning sessions through: Electronic Books: These are targeted to kids from age 3-14, and they will comprise of audiovisual materials designed specifically for the original audience. Literacy and Numeracy Games: Through interaction, the tools can extract meaningful engagement and collaboration, and as a result enhance proficiency in reading and grammar. Testing and Evaluation: It will mainly challenge the learners to improve their skills in general knowledge, spelling, and arithmetics Education Resources: It will comprise of interactive puzzles and downloadable forms that engage and challenge student's mind in numeracy and literacy progression. Webinar Portal: It is designed to introduce the learners to the world of the internet, and it will be used in setting appointments between mentors, tutors, and the students. Through engagements from the portal, students will have more interactive sessions with their peers, and through practice, they can begin accepting the benefits of online technologies. Portal for indigenous employment: This particular platform will act as an initial step towards introducing the Aboriginals into the world of opportunities presented by the internet. Vacancies shall be posted in different sectors such as education, government, non-governmental initiatives, and the indigenous population will also be provided with an opportunity for an internship. Aboriginals Digital Literacy Program Under the Aboriginals digital literacy program, various initiatives shall be introduced geared towards enhancing the level of participation of all the Aboriginals and the wider community to participate in critical subjects such as mathematics, engineering, science, and technology to improve their digital literacy skills. The program is going to be designed with a sole focus on tackling the digital divide through ensuring that learners, who are the Aboriginals living in remote regions of Australia. These are also the target group who are suffering from falling behind in the digital era are accorded an opportunity to participate and engage themselves with modern information systems infrastructure (Wempen, 2014). Some of the initiatives likely to be undertaken through such a program include: Up-skilling the Instructors There shall be a world-class curriculum that will provide learners with the challenges inherent with a digital village. Village-specific cybercafs shall be set up that will equip the students with requisite skills to proactive to engage themselves in an online community. The program will recruit instructors who will teach courses that enable the aboriginals to develop basic reading and writing skills about modern technologies. The instructors will also be re-trained fresh so that their training skills scales with the demands of the Aboriginals since these are the marginalized groups living in some of the remotest parts of Australia (Hjorth, 2009). Some of the skills that they should be taught include Listening, talking and explaining points, illustrating by an example, aboriginal culture, the average literacy rate of the Aboriginal so that the instructors exactly knows how to explain points to the target group. Up-skilling the Learners The program shall be 100 percent sponsored through the initiative, however, due to the limited capacity at the training center, participants will be required to register with their official names so that they can be assigned class and lab sessions. The classroom and lab sessions will be strict so that there are no cases of overcrowding the rooms, however, during instances when a class or lab session is incomplete, a learner through request can be allowed to attend any of the sessions (Eisenberg et al., 2004). To foster collaboration in the initiative, the program will run contests that set different computing/coding challenges to the Aboriginals. There shall be boot camps where learners are taught critical information skills such as email and internet etiquette. Through such boot camps, students are taught how to convey their messages through the use of proper language and which types of websites to visit using a public computer. Learners will also be taught on the benefits of being digital literate, and how they can harness the power of the internet in business, medicine, learning, and applying for jobs. Learners will also be taught on how to use standard computer applications such as spreadsheets, word processors, and power point presentations. However, such educational dispensation shall only be limited to learners with at least ten years of learning inside a classroom since the program is not designed as a literacy program per se, but a digital literacy initiative geared towards the Aboriginals who at least can read and write. Facilitation of Partnership with Industry Stakeholders The digital learning initiative shall provide flexible support partnership with industry players and the learners, through helping both students and learners understand how digital literacy is applied in a real world scenario. The students will be given internship opportunities to do simple tasks such as reading/replying emails, data entry, scanning for prospective job applications and also learning on how they can assist fellow Aboriginals find a market for their farm produce through the internet (Henderson, 2012). Funding of the Programme The program shall have a budget, however, the budget is not limited, and well-wishers including non-governmental organizations, foundation, civil society, the private sector and the government can come in donate anything that they think will go a long way towards the sustenance of the digital learning initiative. Among the products likely to be accepted include: Equipment Required Pre-fabricated containers either 20 or 40 feet long These vessels will act as classrooms or computer laboratories, and they will be partitioned and remodeled to reflect a standard class. The containers are preferred due to their portability, durability, and their ease to customize. Computers These include Desktop computers, laptops, Tablet devices, Application software's, and mobile devices These gadgets will be used as the client system that learners will utilize as practical tools in their digital literacy programs. Apps will be developed to assist students to engage in the lab environment, while at work, and also while at home to provide them with a practical approach to the benefits of digital learning. Learners will be shown how different mobile Apps work and their benefits to the society and how students can use these Apps to improve their lives. Standby Generators and Solar Systems These electricity generation appliances will mainly be used to the power of the computer systems and other gadgets in the laboratory. They are also ideal since the containerized laboratories can be installed in very remote regions that are very far from the power grid. Internet Connection The Internet will mainly be supplied through a satellite link, because, Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) technology is considered to be borderless and can penetrate even the most remote regions such as islands. However, for the internet connection to be active, the computers will have to be inter-networked through a Local Area Network (LAN) system. Other mandatory devices that work alongside the internet shall include; routers, switch, and Voice over Telephony (VOIP) system. Projector Screen It will be used as the primary display inside the classroom and at the laboratory that the instructor shall be using to teach practical digital literacy skills. The projector screen shall be connected to the instructor's laptop machine, and through the screen, learners will learn step by step instruction on how to word process, read/send emails, check job opportunities, collaborate via social media, even entertain themselves through digital platforms. Printers They are mainly used to convert softcopy documents into hardcopy format and students will also be taught about the benefits of converting from hardcopy to softcopy and vice versa. Desks These will be used to place the machines and will also provide some platform that students can use to scribble some points in their hardcopy notepads Chairs They will be used for seating inside the classrooms and the laboratories. References 4704.0 - The Health and Welfare of Australia's Aboriginal ... (n.d.). Retrieved October 17, 2016, from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/lookup/4704.0Chapter210Oct 2010 Cicarelli, J. (2012). Economic Thought Among American Aboriginals Prior to 1492. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 71(1), 77-125. doi:10.1111/j.1536-7150.2011.00817.x Department of Aboriginal Affairs (2015). Retrieved October 19, 2016 from https://www.daa.wa.gov.au/about-the-department/news/from-the-dreaming-to-modernity/?epieditmode=true Digital Literacy - Deakin University. (2010). Retrieved October 17, 2016, from https://www.deakin.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/38006/digital-literacy.pdf Eisenberg, M. B., Lowe, C. A., Spitzer, K. L., Spitzer, K. L. (2004). Information literacy: Essential skills for the information age. Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited. Henderson, R. (2012). Teaching literacies in the middle years: Pedagogies and diversity. South Melbourne, Vic.: Oxford University Press. Hjorth, I. A. (2009). Digital literacy: A critical investigation of definitions, applications and assumptions in initiatives and policies in the UK and beyond. Key Indicators. (2015). Retrieved October 17, 2016, from https://www.abs.gov.au/ Mahadeva, D. (n.d.). Dalits and Aboriginals: Rebuilding India and Australia. Retrieved October 17, 2016, from https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/09/dalits-aboriginals-rebuilding-india-australia-160928153557057.html Rivoltella, P. C. (2008). Digital literacy: Tools and methodologies for information society. Hershey PA: IRM Press. Wempen, F. (2014). Computing fundamentals: Digital literacy. Place of publication not identified: John Wiley.