Emotional Branding Essay -- Marketing

Introduction The notion of brand as we have come to know it has evolved noticeably all over the years as transformations within marketplace have opened up doors for innovative branding approaches and contributions,in addition to this one could arguably say that most of these changes keister be attributed to a shift within the mindset of the consumer as the emergence of various segments and target markets has brought about a new set of demands and expectations when it comes to effectively creating and sustaining bankable relationships between a brand and its desired consumer . One cannot deny the fact the proceedings leading up to the present decade have played a role in the visible shift from an industrially driven economy to a one where the consumers are placed in the drivers seat.That being said the branding landscape has become increasingly competitive as new brands and products are being launched frequently thus making it difficult for brands to not only touch base with co nsumers but to also distinguish what differentiates them. As a result brands are now left with the task of finding new methods of gaining favour amongst their desired consumers in order to create meaningful connections. We are clearly dealing with a completely different set of values today than 5 years ago. rush has replaced stability intangible assets have become more valuable than tangible objects. The traditional supply and demand economic models are being completely revaluated.(Gob, 2001)In aid of this Author Kevin Roberts describes the journey from products to trademarks to consumers to brands a series of steps that have a profound effect on how businesses deal with consumers and how people deal with brands.In his book Lovemarks The ... ...Bibliography http//www.mikesaunders.com/2011/02/28/generation-y-in-south-africa-a-short-study/Cook, G Erwin, K Carmody, P Enslin, C (2010) How healthy is your brand?, in The Encyclopedia of Brands and Branding 2010, (pending publication )Gobe, M. 2001. Emotional branding The new look-alike for connecting brands to people. New York Allworth PressHowe, N & Strauss, W (2007) The Next Twenty Years How Customer and Workforce Attitudes Will Evolve. Harvard Business Review . JulyAugust ed, p. 41-52.Roberts , K ( 2005 Lovemarks The future of beyond brands Howe, Neil Strauss, William 2000. Millennials Rising. New York Vintage Books.http//thinking-brands.blogspot.com/2009/10/customer-based-brand-equity-model-cbbe.html Cyndi green glass http//www.dmsolutions.com/blog/get-emotional-about-your-branding/ March 14, 2012

The Internet and Its Effects Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essays

The Internet and Its EffectsThe Internet was first developed in 1957 as a communication resource for the military Defense Unit. Since then the Internet remains to a service of communication that is now provided to all great deal with the access of a computer. Over the past several years the Internet has developed and expanded into an endless resource of information and knowledge. With billions of Internet users present in the world today, the idea of living aliveness through the computer is not as uncommon as it used to be. Today people give way the probability to experience relationships and receive an education through the computer. Although the quality of this kind of life is available, one may ask how realistic and healthy is it. Through the Internet, the process of gaining the products of life is non-existent. For example, I remember doing book reports and the process and experience in which it created. I would set aside at least a few hours of a day to go to the library, an d work with a Liberian as a team in order to locate the information that I needed. I would then get going through an array of books to my destination. I would search through a few books on the same topic located right next to the book for which I had been looking. After finding several books with an array of different information I check them out, return home, and enjoy. Some may say that the Internet could have relieve me the time it took to locate my resources. However, the process I went through socially, mentally and physically are aspects of life created through an experience, which the Internet cannot provide. Although the services provided through technology have brought society closer together, it has also pushed it farther apart. Consequently the Internet may... ...he effect. I have, and will continue to, experience the change and lack of communication that occurs with family and friends. The method in which I receive my education continues to become less personal as tea chers take a step back and computers jump foreword. Computers are not a choice, they are a required form of communication in todays world that suggest we could all learn a great deal from sitting at a computer, alone. Works CitedHallak, Jacques. Global Connections, Expanding Partnership and New Challenges. U.S. Department of Education. September 20, 2000. (28 April 2002) Buchanan, Elizabeth. The Social Microcosm of the Classroom. CPSR Newsletter. December 1997. (22 April 2002) Scherlis, William. Internet Paradox, a Social Technology That Reduces Social engagement and Psychological Well Being. American Psychologist 53 (1998) 1017-1031

A Feminist Perspective of Othello Essay -- Othello essays

A Feminist Perspective of Othello Shakespeares tragic drama Othello closes the final icon of the in the end act with the spiritual superiority of the heroine firmly established over that of the hero. This is one of many aspects regarding the feminine perspective on the drama, the subject of this essay. A.C. Bradley, in his book of literary criticism, Shakespearean Tragedy, describes the violence against the heroine as a sin against the canons of art To some readers, again, parts of Othello appear shocking or even horrible. They think if I whitethorn formulate their objection that in these parts Shakespeare has sinned against the canons of art, by representing on the stage a violence or brutality the effect of which is unnecessarily painful and kinda sensational than tragic. The passages which thus give offence are probably those already referred to that where Othello strikes Desdemona (IV.i.251), that where he affects to treat her as an inmate of a house of ill-fame (IV.ii), and finally the scene of her death. (174) At the outset of the play only the male perspective is given Iago persuades the rejected suitor of Desdemona, Roderigo, to accompany him to the home of Brabantio, Desdemonas father, in the middle of the night. formerly there the two awaken the senator with loud shouts about his daughters elopement with Othello. In response to the noise and Iagos vulgar descriptions of Desdemonas involvement with the general, Brabantio arises from bed. With Roderigos help, he gathers a search party to go and find Desdemona and bring her home. The fathers attitude is that life without his Desdemona will be much worse than before It is too true an evil gone she is And whats to come of my despised... ...espearean Tragedy. New York Penguin, 1991. Di Yanni, Robert. Character Revealed Through Dialogue. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Literature. N. p. Random House, 1986. Gardner, Helen. Othello A Tr agedy of kayo and Fortune. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from The Noble Moor. British Academy Lectures, no. 9, 1955. Heilman, Robert B. Wit and Witchcraft an Approach to Othello. Shakespeare Modern Essays in Criticism. Ed. Leonard F. Dean. Rev. Ed. Rpt. from The Sewanee Review, LXIV, 1 (Winter 1956), 1-4, 8-10 and Arizona Quarterly (Spring 1956), pp.5-16. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.

Heavens Delight - Vanilla :: Botany

Heavens Delight - vanilla extractCommercial vanilla is the fruit (capsule) obtained from several different species of Orchidaceae, namely, Vanilla pompona Schiede (West Indian vanilla), Vanilla tahitiensis J. M. Moore (Tahiti vanilla) and Vanilla planifolia Jackson (Mexican vanilla). The most important is Vanilla planifolia Jackson, from which almost all vanilla fruits come from (Ferro, 1993). The genus Vanilla has about 100 species, and the Orchidaceae family is one of the largest in the vegetation Kingdom, with more or less 20,000 species. Etymologically, the word vanilla came from the Spanish vainilla, which means a small pod, due to the great similarity between this fruit and a true pod (Ferro, 1992 Mabberley, 1993). Floriculture is the field that we immediately recall when we think of orchid plants. However, the genus Vanilla is the only one of the family that is of direct economic interest. Some countrified societies in Turkey and Greece still use salep, a staple flour made f rom the tubers of certain orchids, especially those included in the genus Orchis. Although the use of orchids for this purpose is rather localised, it is bringing some species of this genus to the edge of extinction (Baumann, 1996). The vanilla plant is a vine, native from the tropical forests of Central America and some areas of South America. In its born(p) habitat, it may reach a length of 25 meters, climbing with the help of adventitious roots. The stems are thick and fleshy green the leaves are alternate, long elliptical, sessile and bright green. The flowers, in clusters, appear in the leaf axils. They live only 8 hours and die if fertilization fails to occur. The plant blooms three years after the cuttings are planted and the yellow greenish fruits many have up to 90,000 seeds, taking five to seven months to mature. The fruit is scentless when harvested, it has a length between 10 to 25 cm and a weight of 5 to 30g (Ferro, 1993). Vanilla was brought to Europe by the Spanis h conquerors of the New World. They found it in Mexico, when Montezuma, the last Aztec Emperor, offered them a drunkenness made of chocolate, vanilla, red pepper and honey. Local aristocracy used it to flavor chocolate, a custom still practised today (Brosse et al. 1989). The Dutch introduced vanilla in Java (Indonesia), a former European colony in East Indies, at the beginning of the nineteenth century and the French did the same in the reunion Island, Mauritius and Madagascar, all located in the Southwest Indian Ocean.

Effects of Segregation and Racism in Of Mice and Men Chapter 4 :: John Steinbeck

In the story, Crooks home is, a little shed that leaned off the wall of the barn. This suggests that he is detached from the another(prenominal) men and handle like the animals he cares for and as such is made to live with them. Crooks bunk was actually a long box sham full with straw, which could further reinforce the fact that he is treated like an animal or it could certify that he is poor and has low, if any social status. To say that Steinbeck earnms to make his characters seem low and poor, Crooks seems to have a human action of pleasant possessions, however, some are damaged but this could represent their amount of use.These include, a single pose shotgun which suggests that he feels threatened and needs protection, although it could be a trophy from previous times in his past that he would like to remember. Also, he owns a big alarm clock which may show that he is punctual, ordered and that he requires being on time given the job but it may also show that because he is isolated from the other men, he relies less on others to awaken him in the mornings. ?A tattered dictionary? is another of his ad hominem items, which could define his character as intelligent, but that he wants to be seen and it could be a way to prevent his constant loneliness from being a problem. other piece of his home comes in the form of ?a mauled copy of the California civil code,? which can be used to represent his character?s intelligence service plus that he reads to escape solitude, in accession to this point, as a coloured person in those times, Crooks? life must have been difficult, knowing his objurgate as a person could aid in protection with which he needs. The last article in Crooks? inventory of significance would be his ?gold-rimmed spectacles,? which could enable him to see clearly, but may also allow him to compute the world in a different perspective. The last point regarding Crooks? room may perhaps be seen as a relevant one, ?this room was sweep a nd fairly neat?? could illustrate Crooks as a proud, aloof man. Finally, the fact that Crooks clasps his distance and demands that others keep theirs could over again reinforce the point that he feels threatened and this would keep him protected.When Lennie enters the room, we learn more about the effects of isolation.Effects of Segregation and Racism in Of Mice and Men Chapter 4 John SteinbeckIn the story, Crooks home is, a little shed that leaned off the wall of the barn. This suggests that he is isolated from the other men and treated like the animals he cares for and as such is made to live with them. Crooks bunk was actually a long box filled with straw, which could further reinforce the fact that he is treated like an animal or it could show that he is poor and has low, if any social status. To say that Steinbeck seems to make his characters seem low and poor, Crooks seems to have a number of pleasant possessions, however, some are damaged but this could represent their a mount of use.These include, a single barreled shotgun which suggests that he feels threatened and needs protection, although it could be a trophy from previous times in his past that he would like to remember. Also, he owns a big alarm clock which may show that he is punctual, ordered and that he requires being on time given the job but it may also show that because he is isolated from the other men, he relies less on others to awaken him in the mornings. ?A tattered dictionary? is another of his personal items, which could define his character as intelligent, but that he wants to be seen and it could be a way to prevent his constant loneliness from being a problem. Another piece of his home comes in the form of ?a mauled copy of the California civil code,? which can be used to represent his character?s intelligence plus that he reads to escape solitude, in addition to this point, as a coloured person in those times, Crooks? life must have been difficult, knowing his right as a pers on could aid in protection with which he needs. The last article in Crooks? inventory of significance would be his ?gold-rimmed spectacles,? which could enable him to see clearly, but may also allow him to view the world in a different perspective. The last point regarding Crooks? room may perhaps be seen as a relevant one, ?this room was swept and fairly neat?? could illustrate Crooks as a proud, aloof man. Finally, the fact that Crooks keeps his distance and demands that others keep theirs could again reinforce the point that he feels threatened and this would keep him protected.When Lennie enters the room, we learn more about the effects of isolation.

Effects of Segregation and Racism in Of Mice and Men Chapter 4 :: John Steinbeck

In the story, Crooks home is, a subatomic shed that leaned off the wall of the barn. This suggests that he is isolated from the otherwise men and tempered like the animals he cares for and as such is made to live with them. Crooks tick was actually a long box filled with straw, which could further reinforce the fact that he is treated like an animal or it could suggest that he is poor and has low, if any social status. To say that Steinbeck seems to make his characters seem low and poor, Crooks seems to have a subjugate of pleasant possessions, however, some are damaged alone this could represent their amount of use.These include, a single barreled shotgun which suggests that he feels threatened and needs protection, although it could be a trophy from previous times in his past that he would like to remember. Also, he owns a big alarm clock which may show that he is punctual, ordered and that he requires being on time given the job but it may also show that because he is isolat ed from the other men, he relies less on others to awaken him in the mornings. ?A tattered dictionary? is another of his personal items, which could define his character as intelligent, but that he wants to be seen and it could be a way to oppose his constant loneliness from being a problem. Another piece of his home comes in the form of ?a mauled copy of the California civil code,? which can be used to represent his character?s intelligence plus that he reads to escape solitude, in auxiliary to this point, as a coloured person in those times, Crooks? life must have been difficult, knowing his right as a person could aid in protection with which he needs. The hold water article in Crooks? inventory of significance would be his ?gold-rimmed spectacles,? which could enable him to see clearly, but may also allow him to imbibe the world in a different perspective. The last point regarding Crooks? room may perhaps be seen as a relevant one, ?this room was move and fairly neat?? coul d illustrate Crooks as a proud, aloof man. Finally, the fact that Crooks clenchs his distance and demands that others keep theirs could again reinforce the point that he feels threatened and this would keep him protected.When Lennie enters the room, we learn more about the effects of isolation.Effects of Segregation and Racism in Of Mice and Men Chapter 4 John SteinbeckIn the story, Crooks home is, a little shed that leaned off the wall of the barn. This suggests that he is isolated from the other men and treated like the animals he cares for and as such is made to live with them. Crooks bunk was actually a long box filled with straw, which could further reinforce the fact that he is treated like an animal or it could show that he is poor and has low, if any social status. To say that Steinbeck seems to make his characters seem low and poor, Crooks seems to have a number of pleasant possessions, however, some are damaged but this could represent their amount of use.These include , a single barreled shotgun which suggests that he feels threatened and needs protection, although it could be a trophy from previous times in his past that he would like to remember. Also, he owns a big alarm clock which may show that he is punctual, ordered and that he requires being on time given the job but it may also show that because he is isolated from the other men, he relies less on others to awaken him in the mornings. ?A tattered dictionary? is another of his personal items, which could define his character as intelligent, but that he wants to be seen and it could be a way to prevent his constant loneliness from being a problem. Another piece of his home comes in the form of ?a mauled copy of the California civil code,? which can be used to represent his character?s intelligence plus that he reads to escape solitude, in addition to this point, as a coloured person in those times, Crooks? life must have been difficult, knowing his right as a person could aid in protection with which he needs. The last article in Crooks? inventory of significance would be his ?gold-rimmed spectacles,? which could enable him to see clearly, but may also allow him to view the world in a different perspective. The last point regarding Crooks? room may perhaps be seen as a relevant one, ?this room was swept and fairly neat?? could illustrate Crooks as a proud, aloof man. Finally, the fact that Crooks keeps his distance and demands that others keep theirs could again reinforce the point that he feels threatened and this would keep him protected.When Lennie enters the room, we learn more about the effects of isolation.

A Realistic View Of Life Essay

People say it is important to keep a realistic view of life. For 99% of pot this is true. For most people, to non have a realistic view of life is to risk failure to achieve ones goals and dreams. Such people usually become lonely and bitter. Every so often, however, one person react to accept what others call a realistic view of life and insist on changing the manhood or so then to fit the vision they have in their head. Such people has the supply to win over the world for the better or worse, for good or evil. Bin Laden is such a man. Unfortunately, he has chosen an evil path using violence and pain to try to force his view on others, not to convince then by superior thoughts.If people do not achieve their goals and dreams, they would probably become dissatisfied with their lives. For example, if a boy dreams his building block life of bonnie a doctor, but never gets into medical school, he would probably end up feeling disappointed. The same thing is true for all goals a person has in their life. For this reason, it is important that people choose goals that are realistic and that can be achieved. Therefore, someone should not plan on becoming the richest in the world and marry the most beautiful person in the world because the chances are it entrust not happen.Some people, however, hold to accept the judgment that they cannot achieve any dreams they have. A person like this may decide to become a doctor even when his teachers say he will not be able to pass the test. A person like this will study so hard and work so hard that he is impulsive to take the test as many tests as he has to in order to pass. People who are like this are sometimes the people who change the world around them. Instead of letting the world tell them what they can and cannot do, this people pursue their dreams and try to make the world fit their dreams.People who refuse to accept a limit to their dreams can have the power to change the world. Many famous inventors in h istory did not listen to people around them who said Give up, it wont work. The famous Wright Brothers were the first to invent airplanes. Many people told them it wont work. The Wright Brothers, however, refuses to listen to these people and follow their dreams. As a result, they wait oned change the world and now manypeople fly around the world because of them.Not all people who refuse to listen to others and follow their dreams are good. Of course the Wright Brothers and famous scientists like Einstein can be seen as good because they made inventions in order to help the world. Someone like Bin Laden, however, is persuing his great dreams in order to hurt the world. Bin Laden has probably been told by many people that he will not be able to beat the United States and change the world. He has refused to listen to these people and has gone on to fight a war.In contrast, twain Bin Laden and Einstein have unrealistic view of life and both have dreams that they want to pursue. The o nly difference is Bin Laden pursues his dreams with power for evil purpose. In conclusion, for most people it is important to have a realistic view of life since they risk unhappiness if they do not have one. There are a few people for whom a realistic view of life is not needed since they will change the world with their actions. Hopefully, such people will change the world for the better and not the worse.

Benefits of Returning to School

The many another(prenominal) benefits to returning to teach and some of the obstacles I had and flip to overcome to see my dream come alive. What I want to see happen and by faith its going to happen. I have many reasons for returning to school. I had the chance to get a job in television station, and have never done television before and treasured to at least have a general idea of what would be expected to do this job. First thing that came to my mind about going back to school I didnt know if I would be able to do the officiate.I had been out of school so long would I remember the unreserved things, was scared and didnt know if or how I would be able to maintain, but with the grace of matinee idol Im doing it. The first couple classes to me was manage a refresher, because I had been out of school for so long once I saw the work it all came flooding back. Plus, I wanted to touch off my own business and what better way to have a successful business than to know everything there is to know before you jump in to deep. I would have to say the benefits of my degree would be seeing single parents like me with goals and dreams and no one to help them fulfill them.With no one to even figure their children, while they try to attempt to start the process. Seeing single parents smile when they have the help that is needed to gain a better life is generous for me. If I just gave up and let the Devil win I wouldnt be able to help those in need. Everything from com fructifyer problem to no lights, and I still made a way. I live by faith and there is nothing better that knowing that the Lord Jesus saviour got my back through it all, and willing to blade a way for me to see my dream come alive.Helping other people is what I want to do in life. Single parents will be my main focus, helping them find the benefits they will need to assure their families are stable. I have always been kindhearted, and wanted to help people. What other way than to keep someone from going through what I had to alone. My life style has changed so much Im more(prenominal) spiritual, open minded, and more aware of the many road blocks along the way. If I can help at least one family it would warm my heart and that would be enough for me.I have been where a lot of people are and at the same time not knowing that the next person may be going through something more serious than I. So whats more fulfilling than to help ones that feels like me, over come some of the obstacles I had to, to make a better life for their children. The many obstacles I had to overcome just to start my degree were very overwhelming early in the process. First twenty-four hours class started my computer crashed, had to get another one since it was early on in the process I was able to start over.Next, my internet service pelf working. Then in to the program once everything was back on track second class my new computer wants to stop working, couldnt access the take-away document formats. If it wasnt one thing it was something else. I was determined to get my degree, by any means necessary, neighbors house, friends houses, libraries, anywhere where there was an internet connection I was trying to get there. My number one strategy for overcoming the many obstacles is asker and thats how I plan to get through the rest of my degree.A omniscient man once said, No weapons formed against me shall prosper and every tongue that shall rise against thee in judgment thou shall condemn. This is the heritage of the servants of the Lord, and their righteousness is from me, Says the Lord (Isaiah 5417 KJB). Plus I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me (Philippians 413 KJB). I also know that whatever God does it shall be forever. Nothing can be added to it, and nothing taken from it (Ecclesiastes 314 KJB). Everything I do in life these days I pray and ask the Lord to show me his way. Like with this paper, I really dont know how to write a good paper.When I sat mess after I wrote the first draft and started typing it parts of it changed. I worked hard and hope it shows and pray its the way it was suppose to be done. I dont see any more obstacles that are too much for me not to get my degree. I feel that if it took this much hard work to get something I really want then it will be will worth the fight. I fight everyday, willing and ready for what else the devil has to put in my way. I can honestly say that the hard work that comes alone with my degree will be well worth it once I have that piece of paper with my name on it.

Comparison of Indirect Cost Multipliers for Vehicle Manufacturing Essay

Disclaimer This base was prep atomic number 18d as an account of dally sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor e very agency thereof, nor The University of Chicago, nor any of their employees or officers, makes any warranty, express or implied, or as tote upes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately own rights.Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, shaper, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of document authors expressed herein do not necessarily acres or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof, Argonne National Laboratory, or The Universit y of Chicago.COMPARISON OF INDIRECT COST MULTIPLIERS FOR VEHICLE MANUFACTURING INTRODUCTION In the process of manufacturing and sell vehicles, a manufacturer incurs certain be. Among these approachs are those incurred directly as a part of manufacturing operations and those incurred verifyingly in the processes of manufacturing and selling. The indirect appeals may be productionrelated, such as R&D and engineering business-related, such as corporate staff salaries and pensions or retail-gross revenue-related, such as dealer support and marketing. These indirect appeals are recovered by allocating them to each vehicle.Under a stable, high-volume production process, the parcelling of these indirect costs deal be approximated as multipliers (or factors) applied to the direct cost of manufacturing. A manufacturer usually allocates indirect costs to finished vehicles according to a corporation-specific pricing strategy. Because the volumes of sales and production vary widely by m odel within a corporation, the internal corporate percent allocation of various accounting categories (such as make headway or corporate overhead) can vary widely among individual models. Approaches also vary across corporations.For our purposes, an average value is constructed, by means of a generic wine representative method, for vehicle models produced at high volume. To accomplish this, staff at Argonne National Laboratorys (ANLs) Center for Transportation Research analyzed the conventional vehicle cost structure and developed indirect cost multipliers for passenger vehicles. This memorandum summarizes the results of an effort to compare and put on a common tail the cost multipliers used in ANLs electric and hybrid electric vehicle cost estimation procedures with those resulting from two other methodologies.One of the two compared methodologies is derived from a 1996 presentation by Dr. Chris Borroni-Bird of Chrysler Corporation, the other is by muscle and Environmental An alysis, Inc. (EEA), as described in a 1995 report by the Office of Technology assessment (OTA), Congress of the United States. The cost multipliers are used for scaling the component costs to retail prices. ANL METHODOLOGY The ANL methodology described here is motifd on an analysis concerned with electric vehicle production and operating costs (Cuenca et al. 2000 Vyas et al. 1998).The analysis evaluated the cost structure for conventional vehicle manufacturing and retailing and assigned shares of the manufacturers suggested retail price (MSRP) to various cost contributors. Multipliers developed from the ANL methodology are applied to the manufacturing cost of an individual component in order to subdue the component cost to the retail price. Several cost contributors are included in the methodology, as summarized in circuit board 1. Some of the vehicle components for electric and hybrid electric vehicles would be procured from outside suppliers.This assumption is applied to ele ctric drive components, excluding the battery the vehicle manufacturer would produce the rest. Thus, two cost multipliers, one for the components fabricate internally and the other for outsourced components, are necessary to estimate the price of electric and hybrid electric vehicles. Outside suppliers would incur some of the costs normally borne by the vehicle manufacturer. In the ANL methodology, we assume that the costs of endorsement, R&D/Engineering, and Depreciation and Amortization are borne by the Page 1 suppliers of outsourced components.The outside suppliers would include these costs in their prices. The following two cost multipliers are supposed by using apostrophize of Manufacture as the base bell multiplier for components manufactured internally = 100/50 = 2. 00. Cost multiplier for outsourced components = 100/(50 + 6. 5 + 5. 5 + 5) = 1. 50. defer 1 Contributors to Manufacturers Suggested Retail Price in ANL methodological analysis Cost Category Cost Contributor Relative to Share of Cost of fomite MSRP Manufacturing (%) vehicle Manufacturing Cost of Manufacture 1. 00 50. 0 Production hit Warranty 0. 10 5. 0 R&D/Engineering 0.13 6. 5 Depreciation and Amortization 0. 11 5. 5 Corporate budget items Corporate Overhead, seclusion and 0. 14 7. 0 health marketing Distribution, Marketing, school principal 0. 47 23. 5 Support, and Dealer Discount inwardness of be 1. 95 97. 5 internet bring in 0. 05 2. 5 Total Contribution to 2. 00 100. 0 MSRP METHODOLOGY DERIVED FROM BORRONI-BIRD PRESENTATION In his presentation, entitled Automotive Fuel Cell Requirements, at the 1996 Automotive Technology discipline Customers Coordination Meeting, Borroni-Bird included charts on the Typical American Automobile Price/Cost partitioning. The charts provided a graphical breakdown of vehicle price, showing cost contributors and lolly. We used the charts to let at percentage shares of vehicle price by various contributors. display board 2 shows the resulti ng allocation. Page 2 Table 2 Price/Cost Breakdown Based on Borroni-Bird Presentation Cost Category Cost Contributor a Vehicle Manufacturing Fixed Cost Selling Sum of Costs Profit MSRP a Material Cost Assembly Labor and Other Manufacturing a Costs Transportation/Warranty Amortization and Depreciation, Engineering R&D, Pension and Health Care, Advertising, and Overhead Price Discounts Dealer Markup Automobile Profit.Relative to Cost of Vehicle Manufacturing 0. 87 0. 13 0. 09 0. 44 Share of MSRP (%) 42. 5 6. 5 4. 5 21. 5 0. 10 0. 36 1. 99 0. 06 2. 05 5. 0 17. 5 97. 5 2. 5 100. 0 These two contributors are scaled to sum to 1 in the threesome column, as in Table 1. In his presentation, Borroni-Bird did not evaluate the treatment of in-house or outsourced components. His methodology does not lend itself to easy numeration of cost multipliers corresponding with those in the ANL methodology, unless we make a few assumptions.We have sham that Material Cost, taken together with Assembly L abor and Other Manufacturing Costs, would form the Vehicle Manufacturing base for the in-house components. The costs of Transportation/Warranty, Amortization and Depreciation, and Engineering R&D would be borne by the suppliers of outsourced components. However, Amortization and Depreciation and Engineering R&D costs were incorporate with Pension and Health Care, Advertising, and Overhead costs by Borroni-Bird. We assumed that half of the costs at a cut back place this category would be borne by the suppliers of outsourced components.Our assumptions led to the following cost multipliers Cost multiplier for components manufactured internally = 100/(42. 5 + 6. 5) = 2. 05. Cost multiplier for outsourced components = 100/(42. 5 + 6. 5 + 4. 5 + 10. 75) = 1. 56. These cost multipliers are very similar to those computed with the ANL methodology. Comparison of ANL and Borroni-Bird Methodologies The information from Tables 1 and 2 is shown in terms of cost categories in Table 3. Both meth odologies use vehicle manufacturing cost as the base and add other costs to it.The share of MSRP attributable to Vehicle Manufacturing is 50% in the ANL methodology, compared with 49% in the Borroni-Bird Methodology. Borroni-Bird combined several cost contributors under Fixed Cost. These contributors include (see Table 2) Amortization and Depreciation, Engineering R&D, Pension and Health Care, Advertising, and Overhead. Except for the inclusion of Advertising, Production Overhead and Corporate Overhead in the ANL methodology can be combined to form an equivalent category.ANLs total of 24% by production Page 3 and corporate overheads is pretty lower than the total of 26% by Borroni-Bird. The ANL category of Selling, which includes Distribution, Marketing, Dealer Support, and Dealer Discount, is broader than that of Price Discounts and Dealer Markup specified by BorroniBird, and this categorys contribution is distinctly slightly higher in the ANL methodology. The share of MSRP by Profit is the same in both methodologies. The absolute differences, computed as ANL value minus Borroni-Bird value, are 1% for Vehicle Manufacturing, 2% for Fixed Cost, and 1% for Selling cost.Table 3 Comparison of Vehicle Price/Cost Allocation by ANL and Borroni-Bird Methodologies ANL Methodology Cost Contributor or Category Vehicle Manufacturing Production Overhead Corporate Overhead Selling Sum of Costs Profit MSRP EEA METHODOLOGY The methodology of Energy and Environmental Analysis is summarized in the OTA report OTAETI-638, entitled Advanced Automotive Technology Visions of a Super-Efficient Family Car, published in September 1995. The values of some cost contributors are not listed in the report.Moreover, depreciation, amortization, and tooling expenses are assumed to be case-specific and therefore must be computed for each case. In order to make the EEA and ANL methodologies comparable, some assumptions were necessary. These assumptions are described in the summary below. The EEA cost equations can be simplified as follows Cost of Manufacture = Division Cost ? 1 + Division Overhead Manufacturer Cost = Cost of Manufacture + Assembly Labor + Assembly Overhead ? 1 + Manufacturing Overhead + Manufacturing Profit + Engineering Expense + Tooling Expense + Facilities Expense Retail Price Equivalent = Manufacturer Cost ?1 + Dealer Margin Borroni-Bird Methodology Share of Cost Contributor or Category Share of MSRP (%) MSRP (%) 50. 0 Vehicle Manufacturing 49. 0 17. 0 Fixed Cost 26. 0 7. 0 23. 5 Selling 22. 5 97. 5 Sum of Costs 97. 5 2. 5 Automobile Profit 2. 5 100. 0 MSRP 100. 0 Page 4 The report lists the following values for overhead, profit, and dealer margin Division Overhead = Supplier Overhead = 0. 20 (We assume that division and supplier overheads are play off only the supplier overhead is given in the report. ) Manufacturing Overhead = 0. 25 Manufacturing Profit = 0.20 Dealer Margin = 0. 25 Because the documentation in the OTA report does not provide val ues for Assembly Labor, Assembly Overhead, Engineering Expense, Tooling Expense, and Facilities Expense, cost multipliers cannot be computed directly from these data. The Assembly Labor and Assembly Overhead share of MSRP is 6. 5% in Borroni-Birds presentation. The engineering, tooling, and facilities expenses can be taken as the sum of R&D/Engineering and Depreciation and Amortization from the ANL methodology, at 12% of the MSRP.In deriving the division cost and price relationship below, we use the term Retail Price Equivalent (RPE) from the OTA report instead of MSRP. The RPE can be computed as follows RPE = = = Division Cost ? 1. 2 + 0. 065 RPE ? 1. 45 + 0. 12 RPE ? 1. 25 Division Cost ? 2. 175 + 0. 268 RPE Division Cost ? 2. 175/(1 0. 268) = Division Cost ? 2. 97 place ANL and EEA Methodologies on a Common Basis As it was described in the OTA report, the EEA methodology did not provide enough data to compute the cost multipliers.We assumed some cost shares to be the same betwe en the EEA, Borroni-Bird, and ANL methodologies while developing the above relationship between Division Cost and RPE. The EEA methodology is based on the material and labor costs of a division of the vehicle manufacturer, with other costs added on. The ANL methodology evaluates an assembled vehicle, using the vehicle manufacturing cost as the base cost. The ANL methodology also assigns additional costs to the outsourced components, whereas the treatment of such components is not clear in the EEA methodology.We have attempted to develop a common basis for the ANL and EEA methodologies by assigning shares of the final vehicle price, RPE in the EEA methodology, to individual cost categories similar to those listed in Table 1. Table 4 presents such a summary for the EEA methodology. third cost contributors, Division Cost, Division Overhead, and Assembly Labor and Overhead, are combined under the Vehicle Manufacturing category. Two cost contributors, Manufacturing Overhead and Engineer ing, Tooling, and Facilities Expenses, combine to form the Overhead category.The Dealer Margin in the EEA methodology represents a factor applied to all manufacturer costs and profit. We assumed that this factor represents all costs of selling the vehicle. Although the profit is computed at the manufacturing level by EEA, we moved the profit to the bottom of the table to be consistent with prior tables. The cost allocation in Table 4 allows us to compute the in-house components cost multiplier as follows Cost multiplier for in-house components = 100/(33. 7 + 6. 7 + 6. 5) = 2. 14 Page 5 To compute the cost multiplier for an outsourced component, one more assumption is necessary.In the ANL methodology, we assumed that the supplier will bear the costs of Warranty, R&D Engineering, and Depreciation and Amortization. However, the EEA methodology does not identify the warranty cost separately. We assumed it to be half of Manufacturing Overhead at 5. 05%. This, with the earlier assumption related to Engineering, Tooling, and Facilities Expenses, led to the following computation Cost multiplier for outsourced components = 100/(33. 7 + 6. 7 + 6. 5 + 5. 05 + 12) = 1. 56.These multipliers, adapted from our extension of theE EA information on vehicle costs, are very close to those derived from the ANL and Borroni-Bird methodologies. Table 4 Contributors to Retail Price Equivalent in EEA Methodology Cost Category Cost Contributor a Vehicle Manufacturing Overhead Selling Sum of Costs Profit Manufacturing Profit Total Contribution to RPE a Division Cost a Division Overhead Assembly Labor and a Overhead Manufacturing Overhead Engineering, Tooling, and Facilities Expenses Dealer Margin Relative to Cost of Vehicle Manufacturing 0. 72 0. 14 0. 14 0. 22 0. 26 0. 49 1. 97 0. 17 2. 14 Share of RPE (%) 33. 7 6. 7 6. 5 10. 1 12. 0 22.9 91. 9 8. 1 100. 0 These three cost contributors are scaled to sum to 1 in the third column, as in Table 1. Comparison of ANL and EEA Methodologies Th e information from Tables 1 and 4 is presented in terms of cost categories in Table 5 for easy comparison. The Vehicle Manufacturing cost share is 46. 9% in the EEA methodology, compared with 50% in the ANL methodology. EEAs RPE share of 22. 1% by overhead is lower than the ANL value of 24%. The cost of selling is 22. 9% in the EEA methodology, which is close to the ANL value of 23. 5%. The largest difference is in the RPE share by profit, which is 8.1% in the EEA methodology, more than three times the ANL value of 2. 5%. According to Economic Indicators The Motor Vehicles Role in the U. S. Economy (American Automobile Manufacturers knowledge 1998), the average net income before taxes for the three domestic manufacturers was 3. 9% during 1994-1997. Aside from vehicle sales, this value (3. 9%) includes income from spare parts sales and vehicle financing. Thus, the profit share appears very high in the EEA methodology. The absolute differences computed as ANL value minus EEA value are 3. 1% for component/material cost, 1.9% for overhead, 0. 6% for selling, and 5. 6% for profit. Page 6 Table 5 Comparison of Price Allocation by ANL and EEA Methodologies ANL Methodology Cost Contributor or Category Vehicle Manufacturing Production Overhead Corporate Overhead Selling Sum of Costs Profit MSRP SUMMARY An attempt to put three methodologies for automobile cost allocation on a common basis is presented in this technical memorandum. This comparison was carried out to verify the reasonableness of the cost multipliers used in ANLs cost models for electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles.When put into a common format, by means of certain assumptions, the three approaches yielded the cost multipliers provided in Table 6. Table 6 Summary of Cost Multipliers Computed on a Common Basis Multiplier for In-House Components Outsourced Components ACKNOWLEDGMENT Funding for the analysis presented here was provided by the Planning and Assessment give-up the ghost of the Offic e of Transportation Technologies of the U. S. Department of Energy, managed by Dr. Philip Patterson. This technical memorandum is produced under U. S. Government contract No.W-31-109-Eng-38.REFERENCES American Automobile Manufacturers Association, 1998, Economic Indicators The Motor Vehicles Role in the U. S. Economy, Detroit, Mich. Borroni-Bird, C. , 1996, Automotive Fuel Cell Requirements, Proceedings of the 1996 Automotive Technology Development Customers Coordination Meeting, U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Transportation Technologies, Washington, D. C. ANL 2. 00 1. 50 Borroni-Bird 2. 05 1. 56 EEA 2. 14 1. 56 EEA Methodology Share of Cost Contributor or Category MSRP (%) 50. 0 Vehicle Manufacturing 17.0 Overhead 7. 0 23. 5 Selling 97. 5 Sum of Costs 2. 5 Profit 100. 0 RPE Share of RPE (%) 46. 9 22. 1 22. 9 91. 9 8. 1 100. 0 Page 7 Cuenca, R. M. , L. L. Gaines, and A. D. Vyas, 2000, Evaluation of Electric Vehicle Production and Operating Costs, Argonne National Laboratory R eport ANL/ESD-41, Argonne, Ill. (to be published). Vyas, A. , R. Cuenca, and L. Gaines, 1998, An Assessment of Electric Vehicle Life Cycle Costs to Consumers, Proceedings of the 1998 Total Life Cycle Conference, SAE International Report P339, Warrendale, Penn. , pp. 161-172.

Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone Essay

Ever since the first printing of the first Harry Potter novel, the book series has been under attack from people arguing that the books ar intended to initiate children into witchcraft and demonic practices or that they undermine traditional spiritual values. Yes, indeed, there are ghosts and Halloween, and the practice of magic. How ever, Harry Potter books are no more a threat to the traditional spiritual values of our children than The Wizard of Oz was before them. Harry Potter has not grown up in a normal family, even outside of the wizarding world.The Dursleys do not care for Harry and treat him poorly. They are clearly nominally Christians in Chapter Two, Harrys uncle threatens him with punishment, express that Harry will be in that cupboard from now until Christmas if he is involved in any entertainmentny business (24). There is no evidence, however, that the Dursleys ever practice any particular faith. That lack of spiritual practice carries through the book, even in the w izarding world. .While no atomic number 53 falls to his or her knees in religious fervor, neither does anyone sacrifice a goat to Satan.Rowling has kept her books carefully neutral, but not because she wishes to undermine traditional spiritual values. Rather, it seems that Rowling wishes to appeal to the largest possible audience, without appealing to one spiritual belief over another. Rowling presents Halloween in such a manner that would appeal to the imagination of children, with bats, candles in pumpkins, and a feast however, it is also merely a backdrop for the action that brings the Three Musketeers of Harry, Ron, and Hermione together (Rowling 172-179). Later in the book, the characters celebrate Christmas.Christmas, however, is no different from Halloween. The Christmas break serves only to give Harry a muteness moment to investigate the library and to investigate the Mirror of Erised (Rowling 204-209). Once again Rowling is carefully neutral, describing Christmas only in terms of what would appeal to children. While Rowling focuses primarily on food, gifts, and games, Rons brother George also takes the quantify to tell another brother that he will not be sitting with his fellow prefects, because Christmas is a time for family (203).Rather than glorifying the wizarding world, Rowling chooses to show that the wizarding world is no more appealing than the Muggle world. There are still bullies there Draco Malfoy is just like Harrys cousin, only he is thinner and can ride a broom. Friendship and loyalty and knowledge are all valued there fellowship and fun are as much a part of the school as magic is. Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone is simply a fantasy story about a boy and his friends away at boarding school. The only real magic connected to this book is that it rekindled many childrens interest in reading. Who can truly argue with that result?

European Government and Politics Essay

The three airs of political science that will be examined in this paper include broadly, the Parliamentary body and the death chairial systems existing in Britain, France and Germany. each comparative study of g all overning institutions involves an understanding of the governing institutions prevailing in different countries. All governmental institutions comprise a Legislature, an Executive and a Judiciary. Differences in the midst of governmental institutions primarily lie in how these three organs of government argon related to each new(prenominal) and the extent of their functions.Traditionally, Britain consists of a parliamentary form of government. A parliamentary government is one where the most important and powerful obligation belongs to the prime minister. In this form of government, the legislature and the administrator arms of the government are closely related, with the executive being involved in the working of the legislature and the executive being formed out of the legislature.In Britain, the legislature comprises the dickens houses of government, that is, the field of Lords (the upper house) and the House of Commons (the lower house). The House of Lords is a non-elective body and consists of both hereditary and lifespan members who are called Peers. The strength of the House of Lords is over 900 members and a quorum of 30 members is the minimum for conducting transactions in the House.The House of Commons comprises the elected representatives of the country. Since Britain has a bi-party system, members of the legislature principal(prenominal)ly come from the two major parties, namely, the force back and the Conservative. Elections for forming the government are held every five years and the party that secures a majority of votes polled forms the government with the leader of the party assuming the post of prime minister.It falls upon the prime minister to form the executive and he appoints his ministers and Cabinet members with the approval of the British Monarch. While the monarch and the prime minister together form the executive in Britain, the monarch is the constitutional inquiry of the government and his powers are mostly ceremonial. It is the prime minister who is the real head of the government.However, at that place is a close collaborationism between the prime minister and the monarch with the prime minister having to meet with the monarch and discuss matters relating to the running of the government. The House of Commons is more powerful than the House of Lords and money bills can be initiated only in the House of Commons, thus the lower chamber of parliament controls the purse of the government. The judiciary is the third organ of government.In the United Kingdom, there is no single judicial system and the judiciary of Britain consists of the judiciary of England and Wales. The House of Lords is the highest court of appeals both in civil and poisonous cases. Since Britain does not have a w ritten constitution, there is an absence of the system of judicial review which enables the judiciary to act as the interpreter and guardian of the constitution.The courts in England indeed cannot decide on the merit of any law passed by the parliament. An important feature of the judicial system in Britain is rule of law which implies that every psyche is governed by the same law, punishment is meted out only if a breach of law has been committed and the law protects the freedom and rights of the person. The British courts use three types of laws the waist law, the Statutory law and the law of Equity.The judiciary functions on the basis of a jury system and open trial. Germany In Germany, which is a Federal Parliamentary democratic Republic, the parliamentary system of government prevails. In contrast to the two forms of governmental systems discussed above, Germany has a multi-party system unlike Britain and similar to that existing in France. In other words, while the polit ical system in Britain is dominated by two major parties, in Germany there are several parties that contest elections.Among these the two main parties are the Socialist Democratic party and the Christian Democratic Union. The other parties such as the Alliance 90 or the Greens, the Free Democratic Party and Delinke support the SPD or the CDU. Another important characteristic is that in Germany, coalition governing has dominated and the SDP and CDU, despite being dominant, have failed to secure a stark(a) majority in the elections. Therefore the other parties have systematically supported either the SDP or the CDU in forming the government.The constitutional framework adopted in 1949 know as the Grundgesetz, or the basic law, has been in force play even after 1990. The executive in Germany is comprised of the Chancellor who is equivalent to a prime minister and holds office for a period of four years and the President who holds office for a period of five years. The Chancellor is the head of the government while the President is the head of the state.Like a parliamentary system, the executive functions in close collaboration with the legislature. The legislature in germany consists of the Federal Diet or the Bundestag and the Federal Council or the Bundesrat. The Bundestag is a directly elected body through the system of proportional representation. The Bundesrat consists of the representatives of the 16 federal states who are also members of the state Cabinet. The Bundestag has the power to remove the Chancellor by passing a motion of no-confidence.The judiciary in Germany is independent of both the executive and the legislature and follows the concept of Judicial Review. Almost all state actions are therefore subject to interpretation by the courts. In Germany, a complex and hierarchical system of appeals exists with separate branches dealing with administrative, taxation, labour and security aspects. In addition, there exists a Constitutional Court which handles violation of constitutional rights after the regular appeals system has been exhausted.France Arguably, France is the seat of modern democracy following the French Revolutions of 1789. Like Germany, politics in France in its present form is of recent origin from 1958 to the Fifth Republic. While the government in Britain and Germany is Prime Ministerial, the French government is semi-Presidential. In effect the executive arm of the government consists of two heads of government where the President is the head of state and the Prime Minister is head of government.On the other hand, unlike in Britain and very much similar to Germany, France has a pluralist and multi-party system of politics. The French Presidency is the oldest in Europe. France has had five Republics and the powers and functions of the President has varied in these five Republics. Parliamentary system of government was in order in the Third and Fourth Republics which made the presidential office a nominal on e, where as in the Fifth Republic, the President has been vested with more powers.Thus, although there exist two heads of government, the President is more powerful in comparison to the prime minister unlike in a parliamentary system. In addition, where as previously the Presidential tenure was seven years,, it has been cut down to five years. The prime minister is the leader of the majority party or coalition and can be appointed by the president indefinitely. He has no fixed tenure.The prime minister forms and heads the Council of Ministers whose sessions, in turn are chaired by the president. The legislature consists of the National Assembly which is the lower house and represents single-member constituencies and the Senate which is the upper house and represents mainland France and its 13 overseas territories. The lower house is in charge of conducting the daily proceedings of the government while the Senate looks after constitutional and foreign matters.The judiciary in France is composed of a two-tier system, one relating to the judicial branch dealing with civil and criminal law and the other relating to the administrative branch. France has a written constitution and therefore laws can only be interpreted by the judiciary in conformance with the process of judicial review. The Cour de Cassation is the highest court of appeals which is headed by six chief judges appointed by the president.All judicial appointments to the Supreme Court are appointments for life and all former French presidents are de jure members of the Constitutional Court. In conclusion, it can be said that the merits of the presidential system involving a fixed tenure and disengagement of powers and more important than a parliamentary system. Similarly, a multi-party system offers more representation and accountability than a bi-party system. Refernces Curtis, Michael & Ammendola, Guiseppe. (2002) Western European Government and Politics. Longman.

Michael Kors

Michael Kors, the website is www. michaelkors. com. The corporate head office is located in New York City 11w 42nd St. , New York NY 10018. The phone number is 1-800-908-1157, telefax 646-354-4730. Michael Kors is a worldwide telephoner. John Idol is the chief executive officer of the Michael Kors company. There isnt an exact number of employees working at this company for 2013 exactly for 2012 there was 418,000. The Michael Kors company was founded in 1981. The companys mission state custodyt is to bring our vision of a jet set luxury lifestyle to women and men around the globe.Michael Kors sells primarily handbags, but as well as jewellery, clothing and swimwear. It is a luxury business in the fashion industry. Michael Kors has lots of competition, since there are galore(postnominal) stores that sell similar products, a couple of these companies are coach, Prada, Gucci, Guess, Marc Jacobs and Louis button. They are competitors because of how similar the merchandise is and how they are all in the fashion luxury sector. Michael Kors has an excellent CSR, they saltation back in many ways, such as donating too many charities and special causes. Michael Kors has ecently donated 5 one million million million dollars to a non-profit gods love we cede the New York based charity organization that provides meals to people living with mental illness.They have also donated 1 million dollar to the hurricane sandy relief fund. Michael kors also has a campaign called destination Kors which he donates 25$ from every purchase of one of his watches to the national world food program. Some of the charities he is involved in and has worked with are, Aids & HIV, children, conservation, environment, health, hunger, mental challenges and lastly poverty. Michael kors feels very trongly about giving back to his community and helping out the less fortunate, that is a huge aspect in his life, and explains why he is involved with many non-profit organizations looking to help peo ple in need.The current share price for Michael kors is 60. 30. 2012 net income sum sales ingrained revenue 130. 0 billion 636. 8 million 1,302,254,000 2011 net income total sales total revenue 72. 51 million 803. 34 803,339,000 2010 net income total sales total revenue 39. 25 million 508. 1 million 508,099,000 2009 net income total sales total revenue 13. 04 million 397. 7 million 397,074,000 Michael kors is a very popular differentiate which automatically in my opinion makes it a smart to invest in the company because of how successful and rich the company already is. Knowing what I know Michael kors will only get more successful and is an extremely smart investment The target market for Michael kors would be women starting from early teens on.The hand bags, jewelry and clothing attract many high-class women or men who have high income jobs. Michael kors is a luxury brand and is fairly expensive, so most consumers are upscale wealthy people who an afford the prices for the mer chandise. Michael kors has a swimsuit line, a line of jewellery, purses and clothing that is always ever-changing according to the latest trends and the consumers wants. The thing that all these lines have in common is that they all have the signature Michael kors logo the MK. The MK is short for Michael kors and is easily recognized. It stands out from separate brands. Michael kors has many runway shows and is well recognized in the Fashion world. He also has some commercials. Once again Michael kors is a Luxury company

Urban sprawl

The full term urban practice may have been coined in the mid-1950s but 20 years later it was still largely novel outside a small circle of people concerned with the four- dimensional increment of precincts of cities. It has a wide, almost boundary-less definition with various connotations dep poleing on professional develop or the particular context within which the urban environment is being assessed. It is the march of making or shaping physical forms through cognitive sensing (senses) (Arnheim, 1969)-it is not simply an intellectual process nor cig artte it be. goal is not linear and constitutes a sensual engagement with reality (not virtual reality). Elements of urban design Urban Design involves the design and coordination of all that makes up cities and towns a. Buildings, b. Public blank positions, c. Streets, d. Transport and e. Landscape. Urban Design weaves together these elements into a coherent, organized design anatomical structure. The urban design structure defines the urban form and the building form. Design is withal making of things through substantiating or unintentional actions.It is the physical and geometric manifestation of underlying forces generated by human ehavior and its interactions with the environment. The way you arrange your furniture in the living room to be comfortable is an act of design that has behind it significant underlying (cultural) forces and determinants (Hall, 1966). Consequently, as we approach design in our culture, we have basic approaches and conventions for interpreting human demeanour and needs into design form. 0 People need, want, aspiration, passion. Program what and how much of something satisfies the declared need. 0 Context bio-physical, cultural, Jurisdictional, historic/time, inter proportionships. Organization, structure, and process. 0 Design elements, principles, and relationships or compositions (art) space, enclosure, movement, and circulation. 0 Structure, manufacturing, and econom y. References and root forge Urban Design. org. Books Jon Lang , Urban Design A typology of procedures and products, Ron Kasprisin Urban Design, the composition of complexity. 4. misfortunate notes a.URBAN SPRAWL The uncontrolled expansion of urban areas. Poorly planned development that spreads a citys cosmos over a wider and wider the land surrounded by them and the city fills in as well. Examples . A Northern Virginia housing development encroaches on farmland. Population produce and relocation is threatening farming(prenominal) environments across the world. Photograph by Sarah Leen write by John G. Mitchell Republished from the pages of National Geographic magazine. 2. In the United States, urban sit is becoming a matter of increasing concern.From 1970 to 1990, people who worked in U. S. cities locomote farther and farther from urban centers. The population density of cities in the United States lessen by more than 20 percent as people in cities moved to suburbs an d outlying areas. About 0,000 neat miles of rural lands were gobbled up by housing developments. For example, the population of the city of Chicago decreased during this period from 3. 4 cardinal people to 2. 8 million. But the Chicago metropolitan area grew from about 7. 0 million persons to 7. 3 million.Sprawl occurs in metropolitan areas that allow unrestricted maturation or that have no plans to contain it. Other factors include the widespread call of automobiles and the building of expressways. Example Mexico City. References and Source Unbelievable aerial photographs of Mexico City display how the urban landscape preads over mountains while maintaining a remarkable 25,400 people per square mile. In a megalopolis like Mexico City, Mail, the relationship between man and space is ever so apparent. ww. pearlandisd. com National geographic. com By John G. Mitchell in July 2001, Fraser Sherman Demand media. b. urbanisation Urbanization is the physical growth of urban areas wh ich result in rural migration and even suburban concentration into cities, particularly the very large ones. The United Nations intercommunicate that half of the worlds population would live in urban areas at the end of 2008. By 2050 it is predicted that 64. 1% and 85. 9% of the developing and developed world respectively get out be urbanized.Urbanization is closely linked to modernization, industrialization, and the sociological process of rationalization. Urbanization can describe a specific condition at a set time, i. e. the isotropy of total population or area in cities or towns, or the term can describe the increase of this attribute over time. So the term urbanization can represent the level of urban development congeneric to overall population, or it can represent the rate at which the urban proportion is increasing. ExampleChicago 1854 1898 Graphs Source United Nations, World urbanization prospects The 2003 revision, population division of department of economic and soc ial affairs of the United Nations secretariat. c. URBANITY Urbanity refers to the characteristics, personality traits, and viewpoints associated with cities and urban areas. People who can be described as having urbanity are also referred to as citified. Example They seek papers and panels that investigate elements of urbanism and urbanity during the long nineteenth century, such(prenominal) as urbanites (the flaneur, the prostitute, the detective, the criminal, etc. urbanites and the rise of consumer culture immigrants and urban communities urban domesticity in literature and culture architecture, urban design, and city think urban spaces and the gothic desire motilities and forms of urban transport the politics of urban space the city and the pictorial environment urban cartographies urban crime and violence urban spaces and urban peripheries (Suburbs ghettos, wastelands, industrial zones, dumps and other hybrid spaces) urbanism and public health animals and urban environments contrive halls, opera houses, and other urban entertainment venues estaurants, cafes, and urban eating and drinking leisure time and urbanism city/country divides and the anti-urban tradition in art and literature.Typology (in urban planning and architecture) is the taxonomic classification of (usually physical) characteristics commonly found in buildings and urban places, according to their draw with contrastive categories, such as intensity of development (from natural or rural to highly urban), degrees of formality, and school of thought (for example, modernist or traditional). Individual characteristics form patterns. The word type has been derived from the Greek word Typos which means impression.A type in urban design is a characteristic set of form properties of a building, a space or combinations of both (groupings of buildings or spaces, combinations of buildings and spaces). A type is not a concrete example that can be copied. It is a means of establishing a relation be tween a large numbers of comparable objects. Keeping that in mind it can be seen as a kind of generalized model. In contrast to a category that has a sharp delineation, the delineation of a type is vague and it is multiple interpretable. This makes it pre-eminently suitable to be used in a design process because it occupies a position in between abstract ideas measures than to the modern measure. The type incorporates quality and quantity, but it is not necessary to repay to pre-rational scientific ideas to use it.Buildings have been classified in many different ways, depending on the nature of the study, and the purpose of the classification. In building type studies, for example, buildings are classified according to their functions. The purpose of building type studies is to compare the methods by which different architects have responded to imilar client needs (building task), under different economic, social, technical and site constraints. Hospitals are studied together, and so are schools, houses, office buildings, stadiums and so on. The differences in the design approach among the designers can be very instructive. References and Sources Books Urban Design A typology of procedures and products,Urban sprawlThe term urban design may have been coined in the mid-1950s but 20 years later it was still largely unused outside a small circle of people concerned with the four- dimensional development of precincts of cities. It has a wide, almost boundary-less definition with different connotations depending on professional discipline or the particular context within which the urban environment is being assessed. It is the process of making or shaping physical forms through cognitive perception (senses) (Arnheim, 1969)-it is not simply an intellectual process nor can it be.Design is not linear and constitutes a sensual engagement with reality (not virtual reality). Elements of Urban design Urban Design involves the design and coordination of all that makes up cities and towns a. Buildings, b. Public spaces, c. Streets, d. Transport and e. Landscape. Urban Design weaves together these elements into a coherent, organized design structure. The urban design structure defines the urban form and the building form. Design is also making of things through indirect or unintentional actions.It is the physical and geometric manifestation of underlying forces generated by human ehavior and its interactions with the environment. The way you arrange your furniture in the living room to be comfortable is an act of design that has behind it significant underlying (cultural) forces and determinants (Hall, 1966). Consequently, as we approach design in our culture, we have basic approaches and conventions for interpreting human behavior and needs into design form. 0 People need, want, aspiration, passion. Program what and how much of something satisfies the stated need. 0 Context bio-physical, cultural, Jurisdictional, historic/time, interrelationships. Or ganization, structure, and process. 0 Design elements, principles, and relationships or compositions (art) space, enclosure, movement, and circulation. 0 Structure, manufacturing, and economy. References and source Urban Design. org. Books Jon Lang , Urban Design A typology of procedures and products, Ron Kasprisin Urban Design, the composition of complexity. 4. Short notes a.URBAN SPRAWL The uncontrolled expansion of urban areas. Poorly planned development that spreads a citys population over a wider and wider the land between them and the city fills in as well. Examples . A Northern Virginia housing development encroaches on farmland. Population growth and relocation is threatening rural environments across the world. Photograph by Sarah Leen Written by John G. Mitchell Republished from the pages of National Geographic magazine. 2. In the United States, urban sprawl is becoming a matter of increasing concern.From 1970 to 1990, people who worked in U. S. cities moved farther and farther from urban centers. The population density of cities in the United States decreased by more than 20 percent as people in cities moved to suburbs and outlying areas. About 0,000 square miles of rural lands were gobbled up by housing developments. For example, the population of the city of Chicago decreased during this period from 3. 4 million people to 2. 8 million. But the Chicago metropolitan area grew from about 7. 0 million persons to 7. 3 million.Sprawl occurs in metropolitan areas that allow unrestricted growth or that have no plans to contain it. Other factors include the widespread use of automobiles and the building of expressways. Example Mexico City. References and Source Unbelievable aerial photographs of Mexico City show how the urban landscape preads over mountains while maintaining a remarkable 25,400 people per square mile. In a megalopolis like Mexico City, Mail, the relationship between man and space is ever so apparent. ww. pearlandisd. com National geograp hic. com By John G. Mitchell in July 2001, Fraser Sherman Demand media. b. URBANIZATION Urbanization is the physical growth of urban areas which result in rural migration and even suburban concentration into cities, particularly the very large ones. The United Nations projected that half of the worlds population would live in urban areas at the end of 2008. By 2050 it is predicted that 64. 1% and 85. 9% of the developing and developed world respectively will be urbanized.Urbanization is closely linked to modernization, industrialization, and the sociological process of rationalization. Urbanization can describe a specific condition at a set time, i. e. the proportion of total population or area in cities or towns, or the term can describe the increase of this proportion over time. So the term urbanization can represent the level of urban development relative to overall population, or it can represent the rate at which the urban proportion is increasing. ExampleChicago 1854 1898 Gr aphs Source United Nations, World urbanization prospects The 2003 revision, population division of department of economic and social affairs of the United Nations secretariat. c. URBANITY Urbanity refers to the characteristics, personality traits, and viewpoints associated with cities and urban areas. People who can be described as having urbanity are also referred to as citified. Example They seek papers and panels that investigate elements of urbanism and urbanity during the long nineteenth century, such as urbanites (the flaneur, the prostitute, the detective, the criminal, etc. urbanites and the rise of consumer culture immigrants and urban communities urban domesticity in literature and culture architecture, urban design, and city planning urban spaces and the gothic imagination motilities and forms of urban transport the politics of urban space the city and the natural environment urban cartographies urban crime and violence urban spaces and urban peripheries (Suburbs ghettos, wastelands, industrial zones, dumps and other hybrid spaces) urbanism and public health animals and urban environments concert halls, opera houses, and other urban entertainment venues estaurants, cafes, and urban eating and drinking leisure and urbanism city/country divides and the anti-urban tradition in art and literature.Typology (in urban planning and architecture) is the taxonomic classification of (usually physical) characteristics commonly found in buildings and urban places, according to their association with different categories, such as intensity of development (from natural or rural to highly urban), degrees of formality, and school of thought (for example, modernist or traditional). Individual characteristics form patterns. The word type has been derived from the Greek word Typos which means impression.A type in urban design is a characteristic set of form properties of a building, a space or combinations of both (groupings of buildings or spaces, combinations of buil dings and spaces). A type is not a concrete example that can be copied. It is a means of establishing a relation between a large numbers of comparable objects. Keeping that in mind it can be seen as a kind of generalized model. In contrast to a category that has a sharp delineation, the delineation of a type is vague and it is multiple interpretable. This makes it pre-eminently suitable to be used in a design process because it occupies a position in between abstract ideas measures than to the modern measure. The type incorporates quality and quantity, but it is not necessary to revert to pre-rational scientific ideas to use it.Buildings have been classified in many different ways, depending on the nature of the study, and the purpose of the classification. In building type studies, for example, buildings are classified according to their functions. The purpose of building type studies is to compare the methods by which different architects have responded to imilar client needs (bui lding task), under different economic, social, technical and site constraints. Hospitals are studied together, and so are schools, houses, office buildings, stadiums and so on. The differences in the design approach among the designers can be very instructive. References and Sources Books Urban Design A typology of procedures and products,

Human Trafficking in Nepal

There be m some(prenominal) purposes for charitable trafficking forced labor, sla real, remotion of organs and come alive sla rattling. Sexual exploitation, or finish trafficking, which Is the focus of this paper Is the mall type of trafficking in the estate of Nepal. some of these wo workforce who become involved in the elicit world atomic number 18 compelled by economic circumstances and social discrimination. While some enter sex move voluntarily, former(a)s become involved in sex land by force or deception, such as through sex trafficking. Human trafficking violates these very rights that be supposed to be granted.Nepal Is considered a country of origin, meaning It Is the country where women and children atomic number 18 mainly abducted and taken to other countries where they be sell as sex slaves. Nepal is a country with one of the number oneer-rankingest human information indicators, which increases the vulnerability of the vernal misss to trafficking and in timate abuse. Women and children, the primary victims of sex slavery, continue to be forced into a commixture of sexual activities including prostitution, pornography, striping, mall-order brides, and sex tourism, all of which can occur In public or private locations.The legal age of the Naples women and children that are s experienced as sex slaves are change by a family member or close friend. They are aroundly smuggled into Indians and S adherehais red light district, and to brothels in other urban cities. In the Middle East, they are exploited to work at parlor and dance bars. In many another(prenominal) cases, sometime(a) women are known to recruit young girls, promising them a infract future where they can recrudesce free from the poverty In which they live In (Bales 142). Tuskers is what young Naples girls from the age of 14-16 are called when they are sold to the brothels. Ill many girls are forced or deceived Into prostitution, many willingly go into the sex indust ry due to their addiction to drugs, while others are in search of a better future, non yet for themselves barely to a fault for their families that live with impecuniousness conditions. Also, those that do not volunteer to become trafficked are physically forced into labor, most similarly sold by parents for the purpose of working off family debts to the government or organized crime groups, which exalts no exercise of choice.A huge portion of the universe lives below the poverty short letter 2% of the country lives with less than US$2 per day. Economic circumstance and social inequality are the strongest factors that compel women to become involved in the industry. Another factor that makes to this industry is the balance supply of victims from direct countries and the demand from receiving countries these countries are the one creating such unethical demands.The United Nations defines human trafficking as means of flagellum or use of force or other forms of coercion, of ab duction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of giving or achieving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having give over another person for the purposes of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation or the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices convertible to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs. United Nations 2). Forcing or using someone to profit from sexual exploitation for ones own personal benefits is not condoned by the United Nations this sort of behavior is considered morally wrong ND offensive to many plurality in the affected countries . Traffickers generally use the same process when kidnapping or abducting their victims. some of the puffy number that are kidnapped are drugged and book a very violent removal, that way trafficker has total fudge of them. After the abduction, the victim is taken out of their native country and taken into a brothel in a faraway country.The reason for this is for the person to not know their surroundings, the language or laws of the country. In the process of being taken to another country the victims man-to-manity document are confiscated. When young girls are being transported from one country to another, they are given a complete new identity by which they must go by. intimately victims are threatened in order to comply with the nurture the traffickers set out given them. If under any circumstance they contravene the conditions they are physically abused.In the process of obtaining control of the trafficked person, they are drugged and their minds become distorted which does not allow them to think in a proper(a) manner. Many are brainwashed into believing that there is no other better future and that they are of no worth. Human trafficking has a tremendous mental impact on its victims as a ensue of the manipulation, abuse, a nd cultural shock experienced when forced to work a less than desirable Job in a foreign country. Once the trafficker is under control, the victims enslavement and exploitation begins.Regardless of the violence, working and living conditions, people that are in servitude find their own mechanisms to survive. In addition to being forced to have sexual discourse with unknown men, they are alike forced to drink alcoholic beverages and do drugs when asked to. These women and young girls are not allowed to ask their customers to use tax shelter. As a result of this, a Nepal has had at least octad to ten abortions by the age of 30. Many have said that the owners of the brothels have forced back to work two hours after having the abortion.In some cases if the girl was too young and had sexual intercourse after an abortion, she would campaign away do to the intense pain and lack of nutrients. Because they are not able to use protection there are a at least 18 HOW AIDS cases reported in a hour, which means that more than 61% of the Naples women are infected with this disease in the process of having sexual intercourse with a customer (Humans Right Watch). If they refuse to do what is asked from them the customer has the right to torture them as they please.Many men are now requesting to have sexual intercourse with young girls because there is less of chance of getting a sexually transmitted disease. In addition to this, Nepal and Indian men also believe that if they have sex with a virginany SST that they may have, may be removed and she told her story roughly when she was taken to a brothel. Gina was being forced to have sex with customer, and if she refused she was beat and raped by a group of men. When I refused they beat me and raped me. I was solely seven years old (The sidereal day My God Died). Many young girls are physically abused, some get burned with cigars, others burned with acid, and most of them are deprived of food and water for days until they stop refusing the requests of the customers. They used to catch me by the hair, complaint my head against the wall and throw me on the ground. They would try anything to make me have sex They beat me with a stick and sometimes hit me with aluminum rods (The Day My God Died). During the enslavement period, the victim is physically, emotionally, and intellectually abused, and if they happened to be let free, most of them attempt suicide.After their enslavement period many feel that there is no testify in living with such memoirs. Many do not seek for help or go back to their hometowns because they are ashamed of what they have been through. Not only are they ill-gotten, but isolated as well and with no other way of making a living, nearly all return to sex work, a human trafficking survivor said The people of my village hold me in contempt. They treat me badly. plenty dont understand that I was tricked and that I suffered a lot (International Justice Mission). There are only ver y few ways to escape sex trafficking being accused, released or escaping.Though there is a very low success rate for victims that try to escape, 11% of females successfully escape sex trafficking. It is very strenuous for a person to escape they must be physically and mentally prepared to do it, because not only are there guards that keep watch of the brothels 2417, but if they were to get caught in the process of escaping, they must be prepared to receive any punishment that will be given to them. A young girl named Kyoto Pray said she tried escaping at least three times and when she got caught, she got her hair pulled he was vanquish and even broke an arm.About 7% of females get released by their owners, for one of two reasons either they are no longer attractive or are too old to bring sufficient clients or they have been infected with HIVE . Most end their period of servitude at 18 to 22 years old when they have repaid their debt. During that time, the brothel owner has made a profit four to 20 times the wrong paid for the trafficked girl. This leaves 80% of girls in those brothels with lost dreams and hope of ever leaving that horrible place, and starting a new life. L would not wish that life on an enemy. It was pure hell. It would be better to hang yourself and die(The Day My God Died). One of the main reasons why many people contribute to human trafficking is due to lack of money. As mentioned before most of the inhabitants in Nepal live with less than $2 per day. Most of the people that are involved in this business are in it in hopes off better future for their families. callable to lack of education and healthcare the slavery business seems the easiest solution to many.About 80% of Napalms population live in rural areas and depend on subsistence farming for their livelihoods. Nepal has a limited progress in favor of their anti-trafficking laws. In 2007, trafficking in Persons and Transportation (Control) Act (TAP), Nepal law prohibits all forms of trafficking and prescribes penalties ranging from 10 to 20 years imprisonment, which are sufficiently rigorous and commensurate with those Organization (MONGO) made plans to fund trafficking shelters in Katmandu, Assassination, and Chapman. These cities are major ports for sex trafficking.The young girls who are rescued from the brothels are taken to foster institution where they are treated for any psychological problems that they encounter. Many of the people that are rescued from their owners file a report against them, but many of the people that are involved in Napalms government are also associated with owners of the brothels. For example, the officials and government often raise and encourage trafficking by accepting bribes by brothel owners for turning a blind eye to illegal activity, or by visiting brothels for sexual services.Corrupt government and law enforcement officials are one factor that contribute to the growth of human trafficking, therefore most of the sex tra fficking victims do not confide in their overspent system, which also makes it harder for sex trafficking to end in Nepal. Brothel owner make a huge profit yearly it is currently estimate to $10 billion of revenue per year. The trafficking industry is one with large profits, due to the low costs of forced human labor.Because the victims of trafficking are expendable, reusable, and re-sellable cheap commodities, particularly because they are withheld adequate food, wages, shelter, and health care, amounting to large profits for traffickers (Neck 374). Trafficking is the worst human rights violation that one can go through it is abduction, physical and mental abuse. The pain of being ripped away from ones family and loved one, can be such a deep psychological scar, in which even though a person has been without a family for years they will never parry about the family they once had.This type of pain is something that one cannot comprehend if one has not experienced it. The inequalit y between women and men in Nepal is reinforced by cultural ideas that the dominance and strength off male, and compliance of the female. The discrimination that the women in Nepal are suffering is not only happening in this country is it also affecting many other countries around the world. The expectation of women around the world are very similar women are to be passive, obedient , oppressed and forced into relationships with people that are forced to be with.It is very important for the men to be dominant in the relationship, as it maintains their social and economical dominance in order to maintain control of their women they feel forced to use violence. Napalms government is working on exploitation a plan do promote womens human rights. Implementing these rights will take time and cooperation of the whole country in order to for the plan to work. Anural Gorilla, is the founder of Mattie Nepal.The foundation has rescued 12,000 Nepal girls and young women from sex trafficking, m any who were sold across the border to brothels in India, they are also working on reconciling abducted girls with their families. Therefore, women and children are taught sewing, wicket weaving, and cooking to help them build the skills necessary to find a Job, and are also given individual counseling by psychologists in order to deal with emotional problems they are experiencing from past trafficking-related trauma.Many non government brasss like these are staring to take matters into their won hands since the overspent had not yet been successful in fish fillet this sex trade. The well-being and the hopes of the peoples of the world can never be served until peace as well Due to the force, exploitation, and manipulation involved, this trend fundamentally violates the rights to life, liberty, and security of a person, the prohibition of slavery and slave trade in all forms, as well as that no one shall be treated in an pitiless or degrading manner (United Nations, Universal D eclaration of Human Rights).Can one person make a difference in the lives of the two million people that are trafficked annually? Maybe not but if more people Joined organizations that will help the cause there would be a higher(prenominal) success rate of victims that are rescued from human trafficking. More people are becoming mindful of human trafficking and are taking a stand to help end this there are organization like The Project To End Human Trafficking is a non-profit organization that was founded in 2004 as part of the anti-slavery movement. The sign goal of the founders was not to begin an organization, but simply to offer educational lectures about human trafficking.

Research Proposal on Database Usability Issues

There are assorted types of database usability issues you could talk roughly the problems that occur when a drug user views a database system . i. e. the user will elate different from what the database contains. But with the advance in design of highly interactive calculating machine systems continues at an ever-increase pace, with saucily developments in hardware and software being announced much(prenominal) frequently than ever before. (Lawson, J. Yull, S. Anderson, H. K nont, G. & Waites, N. 2005, pg 258)So with the increasing interactive computer systems, within this res spike heelch proposal I am going to talk ab break the problems that a user may come across in the form of virtual reality VR, pictorial user porthole GUI and human computer interaction / interface HCI. The aim of this unit is to hand over an understanding of the importance of VR, GUI and HCI in the development of user friendly computer software and to affirm the reader about the components that may be involved in these features.The Objectives that I want to achieve is to define what is meant by the terms VR, GUI and HCI. I besides want to show what applications use practical(prenominal) reality, humankind computer Interaction and in writing(p) User Interface. The motivation I had to pick the topic of database usability issues was that I lose learned about it in the past and I felt confident that it is an area that I enjoyed. It is remediate to write about roughthing that you enjoy, so then the reader whoremaster feel the confidence in the review. It was likewise a topic I wanted to look further into especially the HCI incidentor.Within this initial lit review I have looked at a number of books and websites that I feel would benefactor me in findings definitions for all usability features. I besides looked at what applications use virtual(prenominal) Reality, gentleman Computer Interaction and Graphical User Interface. According to (http//searchcio-midmarket. t echtar describe. com/sDefinition/0,,sid183_gci213303,00. html ) virtual(prenominal) reality is an artificial environment that is make upd with software and presented to the user in such a way that the user suspends belief and accepts it as a real environment. This means that the user will have a emotion of being able to enter a virtual world. about of the current virtual reality environments are displayed either on a computer screen, and some simulations compensate include additional sensory information, such as sound through speakers or headphone. All the features betray a pretend virtual reality world seem real. The uses for virtual reality are infinite. It can be used for air traffic control, medicine, entertainment, office work and industrial design.However, along with the good comes the bad. Virtual Reality could also be used for destructive purposes, such as war and crime. (http//library. thinkquest. org/26890/virtualrealityt. htm) So with having the splendiferous featu re of being submersed into an alternative world, at that place can also be downsides as tumefy. For poser I would say that gaming would be one of the most popular virtual realities, and in the intelligence you also here about how bet ons are taking over childrens lifes, and it is contri only whened to make kids obese.This is true, plainly if used in the correct manner a VR can cause feeling of excitement. GUI or Graphical User Interface would possibly be the graphics that may be used to help create a virtual world. Galitz, W. (2007) also made a good point in saw that GUIs are looked at in terms of their components, characteristics, and advantages over the older text-based systems. (Galitz, W. 2007) A brilliant name I feel was found on (http//searchwindevelopment. techtar arrive at. com/sDefinition/0,,sid8_gci213989,00. tml). A GUI is a graphical (rather than purely textual) user interface to a computer. As you read this, you are looking at the GUI. I love this quote because its true, I know that there are no images or graphics on this document, but if you were to open this document on a web browser this would be the graphical user interface you would see. I personally feel that graphics play a major role within a program whether it is a website, database or presentation. I feel as if people recognise images before text.For voice if we look at YouTube, people automatically recognise videos before even reading its title or description. On a website your eye is drawn to an image. So by having a program that turn backs high tincture images, and mayhap even videos, you will be catching the audiences attention. HCI or Human Computer Interaction is a process that evaluates the interaction between the user and a program. For example does the user soak up advantage of features a program may have, do they use headphones when using a program.Everything that is used to create a VR (virtual reality) or create GUI (graphical user interface) is put into play at HCI. According to (Dix, A. Finlay, J. Abowd, G. & Beale, R. 2004) Human computer interaction is the study of how people interact with computers and to what extent computers are or are not developed for successful interaction with human beings. So HCI pretends into account both sides of the computers users. It looks at things worry the computer graphics, operating system, and programming language and on the human side according to (Cairns, P. Cox, A. 2008) communication theory, graphic and industrial design disciplines, linguistics, social science, cognitive psychology, and human performance are relevant. So for a program to incorporate good HCI, it could contain features such as movable interfaces with pull-down menus, dialog books, check boxes, scroll bars etcetera By incorporating features like these to a program the user will feel they have more of a input on what they are doing, this mainly created by the fact that the user will get the feeling that they are controlling wha t they do.But according to (Preece, J. Rogers, Y. Sharp, H. Benyon, D. Holland, S. & Carey, T. 1994) A decade ago, when our understanding of HCI was more limited, many systems developers force have felt that good intentions were the major requirement for producing an effective HCI design. However with the amount of changes that computers have gone(a) through in the past decade, HCI is now better than it ever was. HCI nowadays is about giving a user the freedom to interact fully with a program whether it be a website, a game or a database etc.With the rapid increase in new technologies and computers now smaller than ever, with more applications available and more advanced virtual reality experiences we can only wonder what else can the future day hold. We have already switched to digital photographs, mobile phones with GPRS, something that 20 years ago would have been laughed at. In fact GUI has taken a major leap into high definition. HCI has improved with the aspect of touch sc reens and radio set keyboards etc, and Virtual Reality has even branched out into the ergonomics sector.It has produced a chair that will suck in audio and vibrations from a program on a computer or TV. For example if you get irradiation at in a game, you will feel as if the bullet is just passing you ear and the vibrations captivate you so you feel like you in the actual game. But there is still some questions that need answered like 1. Why hasnt the changes in HCI and GUI have an effect on things like teletext? 2. I would also like to research into a device that has become available in the abide year and find out why it hasnt been available before. 3.I want to find out how far Virtual Reality can stretch. 4. I would also like to know if VR, HCI, GUI has had a major impact on the obese children of Brittan. 5. What elderly people think about the change in technology today? 6. Finally I would love to know how childhoods have changed over the years with more and more computer devi ces available. I would use the internet mainly to gather my findings, but I would also look towards books and journals. I would use search engines to help me answer question one, and two. By doing this I could take care different sites that might give me answers.I would probably use on-line forums for question three and four, to get a prospective on other people opinions. But for question four I would also use news websites to find statistics if any. For question five I would maybe visit an elderly / solitude home, or send out questionnaires hoping to find information that will help me answer my questions, I would also use questionnaires for question sestet but a little less complex maybe. As well as the questionnaires for question six I would probably go to a prepare and ask the kids myself, to get a real response.To obtain answers from my research I would plan question six before school ends for summer, I would ask the kids what they plan to do for the summer, and when they re turn in September I would ask the analogous kids what they actually did with the summer. I would use the same concept for question four, I would ask for permission to maybe take note of different kids weight and height before they left for summer, and after they return from there break I would weigh and measure the same kids to work out if the summer has been an active one.Everything else I feel has no major rush but maybe for question three I would take note of the highest quality Virtual Reality system there is available now and in six months I would check if it has been improved any. REFERNCES Cairns, P. Cox, A. (2008) Research Methods for Human-Computer Interaction Dix, A. Finlay, J. Abowd, G. Beale, R. (2004) Human-Computer Interaction Galitz, W. (2007) The essential guide to user interface design Lawson, J. Yull, S. Anderson, H. Knott, G. & Waites, N. (2005) BTEC National Study Guide IT PractitionersPreece, J. Rogers, Y. Sharp, H. Benvon, D. Holland, S. Carey, T. (1994) Human Computer Interaction Tech Target (2008) Virtual Reality on-line http//searchcio-midmarket. techtarget. com/sDefinition/0,,sid183_gci213303,00. html Accessed 22/04/09 Tech Target (2006) GUI on-line. (http//searchwindevelopment. techtarget. com/sDefinition/0,,sid8_gci213989,00. html). Accessed 26/04/09 Think Quest Virtual Reality on-line. http//library. thinkquest. org/26890/virtualrealityt. htm Accessed 22/04/09