Shareholder Value Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Shareholder Value - Essay Example Some strategic decisions (entering new markets, increasing sales capacity, etc.) need shareholder approval as these may require capital investments that affect profits, while most tactical marketing decisions (like advertisements, promotional campaigns, etc.) do not. Since shareholders are after increasing the value of their investment (Shareholder Value or SHV), they want higher profits. Since profits result from how much the business sells and spends to generate those sales, it seems logical that SHV is a good framework for evaluating marketing decisions. This paper in effect analyzes the reasoning that making good and correct marketing decisions would increase profits and SHV. Drucker (1955, p. 36) was among the first to argue that the purpose of a business is to create value for its owners by creating and keeping customers, and that marketing encompasses the entire business and must permeate all areas of the enterprise because it is what will create and keep customers. Since then, academics and practitioners from Levitt (1960) to the American Marketing Association (AMA) have linked the marketing function with the concept of value - both to the business owners and to its customers. AMA (2004) defined marketing as "an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships (customer value) in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders (shareholder value)." Marketing therefore links two areas where value is created: customer value that leads to shareholder value. Marketing is a complex activity that aims to satisfy people outside (customers) in order to satisfy the people inside (shareholders, managers, and employees) the business, and not the other way around. Since customers are satisfied if the business makes the right strategic and tactical marketing decisions, the customers buy what the business sells, and enough profits will come to keep everyone happy, at least in theory. Marketing decisions used to be simple and easy to make: find out what customers need, what price they are willing to pay for it, make the product, and sell it to them. Friedman (2004) argued that the age of mass production after the War was more about selling than marketing, but as the world became affluent and globalized, customer needs and wants became more sophisticated, business competition intensified, and meeting market needs became more scientific and complex and considered not only what customers want now but also what they would want in the future (Achrol, 1991). Thus, marketing decisions came to be classified as long-term (or strategic) and short-term (or tactical) depending on their impact on the business. Strategic marketing decisions took into account making an accurate (or close to it) prediction of what products would be demanded by customers in the future, and how much they are willing to pay for them, so that the business would not only decrease their profits and the rate at which profits are growing, but continue to compete and grow. Strategic marketing includes long-term decisions, aside from knowing what the present market would need and want in the future, about discovering new customers for present products, deciding on which new markets to enter, how much profits each market could generate and how much of that profit the

Arousal Theories Essay Example for Free

Arousal Theories Essay During the rallies, you could see that their arousal levels were increasing because he kept hitting the shuttle harder and harder each time and because he is in the autonomous stage of learning, as arousal levels increased, so did their performance as they won most rallies. Theory: Drive theory – this theory states that as arousal levels increase, so does performance/dominant response. With cognitive learners, their dominant response is usually incorrect, so low arousal levels work best as their dominant response is decreased. With athletes in the autonomous stage, their dominant response is usually correct, so high arousal levels work best as their performance increases. Inverted U theory At low levels of arousal, performance will be below par, the athlete is not psyched up. As arousal increases so does performance, up to an optimal point. After this point, further increases in arousal lead to declines in performance. Each athlete has their own optimal level of arousal. Optimal arousal is higher for more simple tasks and lower for more complex tasks. An increase in arousal causes improvement in performance up to an optimal point (moderate arousal level). After this point, increased arousal leads to deteriorated performance. Catastrophe theory – like the inverted U theory, catastrophe theory claims that as somatic arousal increases then the quality of performance improves. Performance will reach maximum potential at the optimum level only if cognitive arousal anxiety is kept low. If high cognitive anxiety coincides with high somatic arousal the athlete will go beyond the optimum level of arousal and is thought to have gone over the edge, where performance drops shown by a vertical line on the graph. After this, the performer can rejoin the upward curve of arousal and gain the optimal threshold again, to do this they have to lower cognitive anxiety.

Christopher Marlowes The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doc

Christopher Marlowe's The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus For a play that has retained much of its scholarly value over the four hundred and ten years, there is surprisingly little known about Christopher Marlowe’s masterpiece, The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus. The date of its first performance is unknown, and is highly obscured by the added facts that there are two texts of Doctor Faustus, one published in 1604; the other in 1616 (Ribner viii). Christopher Marlowe, even in these early times, set a standard for tragic plays, which would not be rivaled until Shakespeare unleashed his literary landmarks at around the same time Marlowe’s career ended. Despite the lack of specifics on this seminal work, it is still easy to feel the pain Christopher Marlowe wished to convey with this text. Within the rich dialogue of The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, Christopher Marlowe attempts to communicate a personal struggle; both emotional and spiritual, between what Marlowe views as human nature and what the world views as God’s desires for man, and the overwhelming feelings of loss which accompany this struggle. Doctor Faustus is a play that thrives primarily on the discourses that abound throughout its length. In the dialogue between the two main characters, Doctor Faustus himself, and the demon Mephistophilis, one finds almost the entirety of the play. Doctor Faustus â€Å"†¦is a man who of his own conscious willfulness brings tragedy and torment crashing down on his head†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Cole 191). Faustus finds himself melancholic with the pursuit of knowledge he has thus far attained, commenting: â€Å"Be a physician, Faustus; heap up gold, And be eternized for some wonderous cure†¦ Why, Faustus, hast thou not attained that end? Is it not thy common talk sound aphorisms?† (Ribner 5) He has grown sick of the pursuit of knowledge as he sees it, and believing himself to have become educated in all of the worlds major subjects, seeks the power of God himself (Ellis-Fermor, 74). Through the art of conjuring spirits, commenting, â€Å"†¦A sound magician is a mighty God†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ribner 7). The human lust for power has reached a new height in Faustus, and to attain what he desires, the easiest means are demonic. On his way to making the decision to enlist infernal forces in his quest for power, Faustus is prodded by friends, Valdes and ... ...ssey Press, 1966. Masinton, Charles G. Christopher Malowe’s Tragic Vision, a Study in Damnation. Athens: Ohio University Press. 1972. Thomas, Vivien, and Tydeman, William, ed. Christopher Marlowe : the Plays and Their Sources. London ; New York : Routledge, 1994. Sharma, Jitendra Kumar. Christopher Marlowe, Doctor Faustus : a Criticism. New Delhi : Sterling Publishers Private, 1985. Marcus, Leah Sinanoglou. Unediting the Renaissance : Shakespeare, Marlowe, Milton. London ; New York : Routledge, 1996. Ellis-Fermor, Una Mary. â€Å"Faustus†. Christopher Marlowe’s Dr. Faustus, Text and Major Criticism. ed. Irving Ribner. New York: The Odyssey Press, 1966. Kirschbaum, Leo. â€Å"Marlowe’s Faustus: A Reconsideration†. Christopher Marlowe’s Dr. Faustus, Text and Major Criticism. ed. Irving Ribner. New York: The Odyssey Press, 1966. Dabbs, Thomas. Reforming Marlowe : The Nineteenth Century Canonization of a Renaissance Dramatist. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press ; London : Associated University Presses, 1991. Aquinas, St. Thomas. â€Å"On the eternity of the world (De Aeternitate Mundi)†. Trans. Vollert, Cyril. Milwaukee, Marquette University Press, 1964.

Race-Based Internment and Korematsu Essay

The internment of Japanese-Americans following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor was shameful not only because of the fact that it was allowed to happen, but mostly because it was a national public policy joined in by all branches of the American government. President Roosevelt initiated the policy as the head of the executive branch by issuing executive orders declaring zones of exclusion for people of Japanese backgrounds, curfews, and even relocation programs to what some scholars have referred to as quasi-concentration camps. The legislative branch failed to protect the rights of these Japanese Americans; instead, â€Å"On March 21, 1942, Congress ratified and confirmed Executive Order No. 9066, which authorized criminal penalties for persons disobeying exclusion orders† (Justl, 2009, p. 272). Ultimately, with both the executive and legislative branches having failed to protect or defend the rights of American citizens of Japanese ancestry, the United States Supreme Court would be called upon to decide whether these orders and policies were in violation of the American constitution. To be sure, the notion that Americans could be rounded up and compelled through force to confined in internment camps seems to offend the dearest principles of American liberty and justice. Hoping that the judicial branch would extend the constitutional guarantees to American citizens of Japanese ancestry, a man named Korematsu filed suit alleging that these orders and policies violated the American constitution in a case now well-known as Korematsu v. United States. This particular case originated when an American citizen, who was born and raised in San Francisco, openly refuse to obey the exclusion order issued by President Roosevelt. Korematsu was loyal to the United States, having volunteered for military service though rejected because of health limitations, and there existed absolutely no evidence that he posed even a minor threat to American national security. He was allegedly subject to the exclusion order purely because of is Japanese ancestry. Korematsu was gainfully employed, he had a girlfriend who was not of Japanese ancestry, and he took deliberate steps to avoid and later challenge the constitutionality of the exclusion order. Ultimately, he was arrested and relocated to an internment camp. Specifically, he was arrested because he refused to leave an area open to others but closed to those of Japanese ancestry and because he refused to voluntarily report to an internment camp. The judicial branch, like the executive and legislative branches before, failed to protect the rights of Japanese-Americans; indeed, â€Å"the Supreme Court upheld the exclusion order and Korematsu’s conviction† (Justl, 2009, p. 274). Significantly, however, the Supreme Court’s decision was a six to three majority rather than a unanimous decision. The majority reasoned that war constituted a national emergency and that certain laws and orders designed to prevent spying or sabotage were sufficient bases upon which to restrict or eliminate individual rights protected in the constitution for the duration of the emergency. This case and its rationale still functions as a landmark type of legal case because it stands for the proposition that the constitutional rights of Americans can be suspended in times of national emergency. The minority opinions, recorded in dissents in the Korematsu case, argued that these laws were racist that they offended American ideals, and that the rights guaranteed by the American constitution ought to always apply regardless of alleged fears and national emergencies. This case effectively allows the judicial branch to relinquish its sacred duties as guardian of the constitution in national emergencies; this, in turn, gives the executive and legislative branches powers perhaps not intended when the founders of the constitution sought to create a stable balance of powers. In the final analysis, the Korematsu case is troubling because it stands for a legal principle that transcends its origins. More particularly, it can be seen in contemporary times that the War on Terror has been used as an indefinite type of national emergency to restrict or eliminate rights for American citizens even though the main enemies have been defined as foreign nationals. Arab-Americans and Muslims have in this way replaced the Japanese-Americans of World-War Two. Additionally, the recent oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico has been treated as a type of environmental national emergency and the media has been restricted by the American Coast Guard from covering the story on-site. Korematsu is a tragedy both because of the individual harm done to Fred Korematsu and because it continues to stand for a proposition to the effect that politicians can cry â€Å"national emergency† in order to suspend or eliminate constitutional rights for different classes of American citizens. It is perhaps time that the Supreme Court reasserts its intended role as a true guardian of the constitution by accepting a case challenging the Korematsu precedent so that it can eliminate the vague national emergency exception. References Justl, J. M. (2009). Disastrously Misunderstood: Judicial Deference in the Japanese-American Cases. Yale Law Journal, 119(2), 270+. Retrieved June 2, 2010, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5036190287

Effects on having a broken family in education Essay

INTRODUCTION Background of the study Family is the basic unit of society. It is one of the most essential component of a nation. A home is where a family lives. It may be alternated to the word ‘house’ but a house is more appropriately referring to the material structure, whereas ‘home’ refers to the intangible things that bind together the family members. It is the immeasurable love and care that keeps together the mother, father and their children (Beckford 2010). Children  from broken families are nearly five times more likely to suffer mental troubles than those whose parents stay together. According to Dounghty, (2008), it also showed that two parents are much better than one if children are to avoid slipping into emotional distress and anti-social behavior and also looked at conduct disorders which result in aggressive, violent or anti-social behavior. Children whose parents split in this generation are more than four and a half times more-likely to have developed an emotional disorder than one whose parents stayed together. Several findings said that children’s family backgrounds are as important – if not more so – than whether their home is poor, workless, has bad health, or has no one with any educational qualifications. The effects, however, are more focused on the children. Premarital sexual activities is one of the major effects of splitting of families, sometimes with only one parent guiding, the child has more chance of rebelling against his/her parent. Also, increase in financial problem, hatred and anger builds up from families who experience distraught in their relationships. Education is also an area wherein stark differences in the outcomes for those who had been in a broken home are created. According to Lann (2010) for 18- to 24-year-olds, 62 per cent of those who experienced parental divorce/separation during their childhood completed 12 years of education compared with 77 per cent of those whose parents did not. Hence, this study was conducted in the College of Computing Education Department in University of Mindanao in order to evaluate the effects and to determine what student do to lessen the suffering of having a broken family, and how to overcome the effects on their academic performance. Statement of the Problem Theoretical Framework The concept of effects of having a broken family. According to glenn (2010) broken family varies from numerous reasons why it had to be that way. But usually, misunderstanding starts from simple domestic quarrel that grows impertinently damaging the long-forged relationship between the family  members. When a couple split up, it is the children that are greatly affected scarring them physically, emotionally and socially. Marla (2014) says broken family students failed to handle the curriculum. This failure includes various aspects of educational failure such as rebellion, frequent absence from classes, dropping out and many more. Studies have shown that people shown that people with academic failure are more probable to rebel and use drugs at older ages; therefore, academic failure and dropout might result to rebellion, drug, and alcohol addictions. Living in single parent is difficult because there’s a need of love, care, and fulfilment of the duty of both parents. If the role of each parent is broken it will damage and have a great impact to the student, on how will the student live with it. If one of the parent will left due of miss understanding circumstances and will lead to divorce households and responsibilities there is an effect to the relationship to other member of family. If that’s the case, it will depend to the children and parent who take care of the child if managing a households and responsibilities will reflect a positive or negative outcomes in their situation. Conceptual framework Significance of the Study The results of this study is beneficial to the students who encounter this situation and for those who criticize and oppress them in terms of bullying, and for teachers to understand the problems that each student facing in their daily lives and to determine a better solution or comfort for those students encountering who have been in burden and advices from those who have suffered but found a way to lessen the burden. It could also help the society to have a better understanding on the norm who are suffering from a broken family Scope and Limitations The study will be concentrated on the students of the College of Computing Education Department. The data will be gathered using questionnaire method and will be conducted at The University of Mindanao Matina Campus, Davao City. The questioning will be performed on the convenience of the students.  The respondents will be chosen according to the referrals of the previous respondent. It is also limited because of the sensitiveness and confidentiality of our respondents. Operational Definition of Terms Family – a group of people united by certain convictions or a common affiliation. Household – consists of one or more people who live in the same dwelling and also share at meals or living accommodation, and may consist of a single family or some other grouping of people. Broken Families – a broken family consists of a biological family that has separated for specific reasons that may result in single-parent families, stepfamilies or blended families.

ACOSTA Surname Meaning and Origin

ACOSTA Surname Meaning and Origin The Spanish and Portuguese surname Acosta originated as a name used to  refer to a person who lived on a riverbank or by the coast, or from the mountains (encostas). The name derives from the Portuguese da Costa, a cognate of English coast. Acosta is the 60th most common Spanish surname. Alternate Surname Spellings: COSTA, COSTAS, COSTES, DA COSTA, COSTE, COTE, LACOSTE, DELACOSTE, DELCOTE, CUESTA, COSTI Surname Origin: Spanish, Portuguese Where Do People With the ACOSTA Surname Live? According to  Forebears, Acosta is the 518th most common surname in the world. It is found most prevalently in Paraguay, where it ranks 14th in the nation, followed by Uruguay (16th), Argentina (20th), Cuba (27th), Dominican Republic (42nd), Venezuela (45th), Colombia (51st), Panama (73rd) and Mexico (78th).  Within Spain, Acosta is found most frequently in the Canary Islands, according to WorldNames PublicProfiler.  In the United States, the Acosta surname follows the patterns of most Hispanic surnames, being found most often in the states of Florida, Texas, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Colorado, Illinois, New York, New Jersey, Vermont, and Connecticut. Acosta is also fairly common in eastern Canada, especially in Toronto and Quebec. Famous People With the ACOSTA Surname Joaquin Acosta -  19th-century Colombian explorer and writerMercedes de Acosta - American poet, playwright, and novelistCarlos Acosta - Cuban ballet dancerManny Acosta - Panamanian professional baseball playerHector Acosta - Dominican musician Genealogy Resources for the Surname ACOSTA 100 Most Common Spanish SurnamesHave you ever wondered about your Spanish last name and how it came to be? This article describes common Spanish naming patterns and explores the meaning and origins of 100 common Spanish surnames. How to Research Hispanic HeritageLearn how to get started researching  your Hispanic ancestors, including the basics of family tree research and country-specific organizations, genealogical records, and resources for Spain, Latin America, Mexico, Brazil, the Caribbean, and other Spanish speaking countries. Acosta Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as an Acosta family crest or coat of arms for the Acosta surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.   The Acosta DNA Surname ProjectThe Acosta Family Project seeks to find common heritage through sharing of information and DNA testing. Any variant spellings of the Acosta surname are welcome to participate. ACOSTA Family Genealogy ForumThis free message board is focused on the descendants of Acosta ancestors around the world. Search past queries, or post a question of your own. FamilySearch - ACOSTA GenealogyAccess over 1.1 million free historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Acosta surname and its variations on this free genealogy website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. ACOSTA Surname Mailing ListThis free mailing list for researchers of the Acosta surname and its variations includes subscription details and searchable archives of past messages. Hosted by RootsWeb. DistantCousin.com - ACOSTA Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Acosta. The Acosta Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Acosta from the website of Genealogy Today. -References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David. Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph. Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H. A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Free Essays on The Sketchbook

The Sketchbook Washington Irving wrote 32 short stories to for The Sketchbook. The Sketchbook is mainly concerned in trying to make America similar to England. Irving writes The Sketchbook in such a unique way that the themes in it have a broad range. Irving’s unique writing style throughout The Sketchbook shows is symbolism, stereotypical characters, and story with a story type o writing. Through symbolism Irving conveys his patriotism. Throughout The Sketchbook Irving has many symbols that relate to patriotism. One major symbol used by Irving is the â€Å"eagle†. It is brought up in stories such as â€Å"Christmas Day† and â€Å"Spectra Bride†. It represents the reality of America’s new freedom. By Irving’s enphasis on the eagle, it clearly showed his true hope for America to survive its tough times. Another important symbol is the â€Å"forest†. The â€Å"forest† symbolizes the vast space in America. Irving also symbolizes the Indians ignorance through â€Å"sleep†. He mentions â€Å"sleep† in stories like â€Å"The Angler†, â€Å"John Bull†, and others emphasizing strongly that he believes the Indians are ignorant and not aware of anything around them. In The Sketchbook, Irving is stereotypical with the Indians and the women. In â€Å"Traits of Indian Character†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Irving makes many demeaning statement about the Indians. He uses the word â€Å"savage† as one that would make them seem beast-like. â€Å"†¦we too often find the Indians on our frontier to be the more wrecks† clearly showing his disgust with the Indian way of life. Throughout â€Å"Traits of Indian Character†, Irving stereotypes the Indians as uncivilized people, but in the end Irving attempts to justify their behavior by focusing on the surroundings they had to endure. In â€Å"Rip Van Winkle† Irving stereotypes women as nagging and domineering. Much like â€Å"The Devil and Tom Walker†, in which women were looked upon as bad people and t... Free Essays on The Sketchbook Free Essays on The Sketchbook The Sketchbook Washington Irving wrote 32 short stories to for The Sketchbook. The Sketchbook is mainly concerned in trying to make America similar to England. Irving writes The Sketchbook in such a unique way that the themes in it have a broad range. Irving’s unique writing style throughout The Sketchbook shows is symbolism, stereotypical characters, and story with a story type o writing. Through symbolism Irving conveys his patriotism. Throughout The Sketchbook Irving has many symbols that relate to patriotism. One major symbol used by Irving is the â€Å"eagle†. It is brought up in stories such as â€Å"Christmas Day† and â€Å"Spectra Bride†. It represents the reality of America’s new freedom. By Irving’s enphasis on the eagle, it clearly showed his true hope for America to survive its tough times. Another important symbol is the â€Å"forest†. The â€Å"forest† symbolizes the vast space in America. Irving also symbolizes the Indians ignorance through â€Å"sleep†. He mentions â€Å"sleep† in stories like â€Å"The Angler†, â€Å"John Bull†, and others emphasizing strongly that he believes the Indians are ignorant and not aware of anything around them. In The Sketchbook, Irving is stereotypical with the Indians and the women. In â€Å"Traits of Indian Character†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Irving makes many demeaning statement about the Indians. He uses the word â€Å"savage† as one that would make them seem beast-like. â€Å"†¦we too often find the Indians on our frontier to be the more wrecks† clearly showing his disgust with the Indian way of life. Throughout â€Å"Traits of Indian Character†, Irving stereotypes the Indians as uncivilized people, but in the end Irving attempts to justify their behavior by focusing on the surroundings they had to endure. In â€Å"Rip Van Winkle† Irving stereotypes women as nagging and domineering. Much like â€Å"The Devil and Tom Walker†, in which women were looked upon as bad people and t...

The German American Bund, American Nazis of the 1930s

The German American Bund, American Nazis of the 1930s The German American Bund was a Nazi organization in the United States in the late 1930s that recruited members and openly supported Hitlers policies. Though the organization was never massive, it was shocking to mainstream Americans and drew considerable attention from the authorities. Fast Facts: The German American Bund The German American Bund was a Nazi organization which operated openly in the United States in the late 1930s, attracting press attention and generating controversy.The organization was led by Fritz Kuhn, an immigrant from Germany who was a naturalized American citizen.Nearly all of its members were American citizens, though mostly of German descent.The German American Bund was active between 1936 and 1939. The Nazi leadership in Berlin had tried to create a support organization and propaganda operation in the United States but failed until an ambitious and belligerent German immigrant, Fritz Kuhn, emerged as a leader. A naturalized American citizen, Kuhn rose to prominence before his 1939 imprisonment for embezzlement abruptly ended his career as the topmost American Nazi. The German American Bund was separate from the America First Committee, which emerged later and expressed more mild support for Hitler while advocating that the United States stay out of World War II. Origins The German American Bund evolved from an earlier organization, the Friends of New Germany. During World War I, some German-Americans had been subject to discrimination and ostracism, and the Friends of New Germany cited continued resentment of some German-Americans as it recruited in the late 1920s and early 1930s. The Friends of New Germany leadership was affiliated with Hitlers Nazi movement in Germany. American members of the Friends of New Germany took an oath pledging loyalty to Hitler, and also swore that they were of pure Aryan blood and had no Jewish ancestry. The organization was being guided from afar by one of Hitlers close associates, Rudolf Hess, but it was marked by inept leadership in America and demonstrated no clear sense of how to carry the Nazi message to mainstream Americans. That changed when the leader of the Detroit chapter of the Friends of New Germany emerged as a fanatical leader. Fritz Kuhn After serving in the German army during World War I, Fritz Kuhn attended school and became a chemist. In the early 1920s, while living in Munich, he became fascinated with the small but rising Nazi movement, and subscribed to its racial and anti-Semitic fixations. Kuhn got into legal trouble in Germany by stealing from an employer. His family, assuming a fresh start would be helpful, aided him in moving to Mexico. After staying in Mexico City for a short time he moved on to the United States, arriving in 1928. On the advice of a friend in Mexico, Kuhn traveled to Detroit, where jobs were said to be plentiful in the factories run by Henry Ford. Kuhn admired Ford, as the great American industrialist was widely known as one of the worlds foremost anti-Semites. Ford had published newspaper columns titled The International Jew which advanced his theories about Jewish manipulation of financial markets and the banking industry. Kuhn found a job working in a Ford plant, was laid off, and eventually obtained a job working as a chemist for Ford, a job he held until 1937. In Detroit, Kuhn joined the Friends of New Germany and his fanatical devotion to Hitler helped him advance to the leadership of the local chapter. At about the same time, the Nazi regime in Berlin began to view the fractured and faltering national leadership of the Friends of New Germany as a liability. Hess withdrew support for the group. Kuhn, sensing an opportunity, moved to replace the organization with something new and, he promised, more efficient. Kuhn called for a convention of the local leaders of the Friends of New Germany, and they met in Buffalo, New York, in March 1936. A new organization, called Der Amerikadeutscher Volksbund, or the German-American Bund, was formed. Fritz Kuhn was its leader. He had become an American citizen, and he decreed that members of the German-American Bund would also have to be citizens. It was to be an organization of American Nazis, not German Nazis operating in exile in America. Gaining Attention Basing his actions on those of Hitler and the Nazi hierarchy, Kuhn began his rule of the Bund by stressing loyalty and discipline. Members were required to wear uniforms of black pants, grey shirts, and a black military-style Sam Browne belt. They did not carry firearms, but many carried a truncheon (said to be for defensive purposes). Fritz Kuhn saluting marching Bund members at Camp Nordland in New Jersey. Getty Images Under Kuhns direction, the Bund gained members and began building a public presence. Two camps, Camp Siegfried in Long Island and Camp Nordland in New Jersey, began operating. In 1937 an article in the New York Times noted that 10,000 German Americans attended a Camp Nordland picnic at which American flags were displayed beside flags of the Nazi swastika. Nazis at Madison Square Garden The most memorable event staged by the German American Bund was a huge rally at Madison Square Garden, one of New Yorks major venues. On February 20, 1939, about 20,000 Bund supporters packed the huge arena as thousands of protesters gathered outside. The rally, which was promoted as a celebration of the birthday of George Washington- who was depicted on a huge banner hung between swastika banners- featured Kuhn giving an anti-Semitic speech. Banners hanging from the balconies proclaimed Stop Jewish Domination of Christian America. The mayor of New York, Fiorello La Guardia, had seen enough. He understood Kuhn and the Bund had a right to free speech, but he wondered about their finances. He held a meeting with Thomas Dewey, the district attorney (and future presidential candidate), and suggested an investigation of the groups taxes. Legal Problems and Decline When investigators began to look at the finances of Kuhns organization they realized that the self-styled American Fuhrer had been embezzling money from the organization. He was prosecuted, convicted in late 1939, and sent to prison. Without Kuhns leadership, the German American Bund essentially disintegrated. Kuhn remained in prison until the end of World War II, when he was deported to Germany. He died in 1951, but he had faded so far into obscurity that his death was not reported in the American press until early 1953. Sources: Bernstein, Arnie.  Swastika Nation: Fritz Kuhn and the Rise and Fall of the German-American Bund. New York City, St. Martins Press, 2014.American Fascism in Embryo. American Decades Primary Sources, edited by Cynthia Rose, vol. 4: 1930-1939, Gale, 2004, pp. 279-285. Gale Virtual Reference Library.

Significance of stakeholder management in construction projects Essay

Significance of stakeholder management in construction projects - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that construction projects result in a product like residential buildings, dams, parks etc. that is further utilized to house a number of other products. A construction project may impact several interests positively or negatively. Positive impacts may include high quality living and better facilities, while negative impacts may comprise deterioration and change to environment not only at construction site but on all levels. Those impacted by the project are referred to as project stakeholders. A stakeholder is a person or a group whose interests are affected by the execution or operation of a project. They may exert influence over the project through their attributes of power, legitimacy, expertise and urgency but may not otherwise be considered as stakeholders. Generally, there are five key stakeholders in every project: project manager, performing organization, team members, sponsor and end user. However, geographical differences and nat ural events directly affect the successful execution of the construction project and may involve a number of unique stakeholders like environmental and community groups being effected by the building process or its operation after completion and may not be involved in other type of projects. Similarly, regulatory agencies who control certain aspects of the construction by issuing permits and certificate are also key stakeholders. These stakeholders, if not managed well, can influence the project by delaying, changing the scope and even cancelling the project.

Nuclear Attack on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nuclear Attack on Hiroshima and Nagasaki - Essay Example ions like Vietnam, coastal China and in its efforts to increase its oil reserves, after the boycott of oil supply by America, its attacks and subsequent accession to Indonesia, considerably expanded its territorial rights over a large area in Pacific Ocean. This aggressive behaviour further escalated the tension between Japan and the Allied forces specially America and Britain. The war between the two intensified, leading to bloodiest attacks of Pearl Harbour by Japanese forces and invasion of Okinawa by US forces. Even though, the allied forces regained territories and reduced the Japanese influence in the Pacific, they were unable to overpower the might of Japanese forces. Hence, after the fall of Mussolini of Italy and Hitler of Germany, Japan became the sole target of the allied forces. The decision to bomb the two cities had mainly two objectives. The foremost being, to establish the superiority of the American forces and the second was to experiment the atomic bomb which was re cently developed by the American scientists. ‘..for Americans, the dominant story is that the bombs provided an appropriate and necessary conclusion to a just war; for Japanese, it is a symbol of their victimization’ (Selden, 97). Hiroshima was the headquarters of the Japanese army and one of the most advanced cities of Japan. It therefore became the first target of the nuclear attack by America. American President, Harry S. Truman, deliberately targeted Hiroshima because the devastation of the city and killing of a large part of the population, would, according to the American President, convincingly show the repercussions of the Japanese refusal for an amicable peace treaty. The detonation of ‘Little Man’ (name of the nuclear bomb that was dropped) on Hiroshima on 6th August 1945, became a reality and created unprecedented holocaust, ever recorded in the history of mankind. It killed more than 90,0002 people, maimed and injured grievously more than 30,0003 and genetically

Journal 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Journal 8 - Essay Example At the ball, she encounters the prince, and this really lifts her mood. However, her joy is short-lived as she leaves the ball bearing in mind she may never see the prince again, but he searches for her using her glass slipper and finally finds her. They live happily ever after. The protagonist in the story is Cinderella who is saddened by the fact that she cannot go to the ball; this is her preliminary state. The Fairy Godmother avails all that Cinderella needs to go, but she also brings in disequilibrium by requiring that she returns before midnight. At the ball, Cinderella’s state of mind is varied and she grows happy when she meets the prince (286). Once again, she is crestfallen because she does not expect to see him again. Disequilibrium occurs when the prince uses her slipper to find her, and it appears that Cinderella might be happy once more. When he does find her, they live together in happiness, which is the ultimate state of mind. The story goes a long way in revealing the culture of those from who it comes. In this case, the story shows that women who are industrious and altruistic are compensated with riches and great joy. In addition, love is the foundation of any relationship and that getting married because of love leads to eternal

MYOB's Interdepartmental Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MYOB's Interdepartmental Communication - Essay Example This is referred to as interdepartmental communication. Every department needs to communicate with the other departments to inform them as to what are the updates and/or changes that a particular department would be implementing. It is not to know whether the department is doing its designated task, however it is more on knowing how the change would affect the organization as a whole. A particular department’s change would definitely affect the whole company as each department is linked to one another (Carroll, 2010, pp. 10-12). Though working in just one company, people from different departments still find it difficult to communicate with other people belonging to another department. As Carroll (2010, p. 11) expressed, â€Å"interdepartmental communication is a challenge in many industries – one department may not know how its action or inaction affects another department. The managers may incorrectly assume that other departments understand what they need and why.â €  It is not good to assume that everything is okay when memorandums are sent. There should be counter-checking with regard to the comprehension of the memos that were transmitted. MYOB has been providing Australia and New Zealand with downloadable computer software which aids many professionals in their jobs since 1991. Since the company uses the worldwide web as its medium in disseminating this software, the company has options to expand its market internationally without any additional cost (MYOB, 2012). It is known that when a company starts expanding, there would be a need to create departments that would focus on particular aspects of maintaining the website and running the company as a whole at the headquarters. Though working in the same company, there would be instances that employees would not be given the chance to meet everybody on the payroll. The usual mode of communication used in companies in recent years is through company’s electronic mail or e-mail. If s uch is the case, an employee should habitually check his company e-mail for the latest memos or updates circulated to everyone, or an e-mail directly addressed to the person for any issues that need clarifications, or just any direct instruction or message. With the numerous tasks waiting to be accomplished, there would be times that an employee would only be able to check the e-mail at least twice a day, which would be upon coming to work and before leaving the workplace. Since the company is dealing with customers purchasing their products online, people who are using the software can either use the phone numbers listed on the website or just click on the picture on their Contact Us page to be redirected to the proper support group. For this kind of company, it is the support group and the technical department that need to ensure that their interdepartmental communication is synched. Other department that should be synched with each other are the finance and the advertising depart ments. During the latter part of 2011, MYOB released the latest version of one of its accounting software. This should be kudos to the technical department. However, as reported by Sholto Macpherson (2011), there were bugs present in the newer version that either slows down the program itself or makes it unusable at all. Surely, the support group received complaints regarding the bug; however, the technical team was not properly informed about the concern. The scenario would be likely as the latter statement or the technical team

Paying for Bone Marrow Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paying for Bone Marrow - Essay Example This is mainly due to ethical reasons as ratifying it would cause many unscrupulous individuals to take advantage of this by finding ways of illegally harvesting organs from perfectly healthy people. The present reality is that there are many patients who could benefit from bone marrow transplants and who may end up dying of their ailments before they can find suitable donors. Most of these individuals are from ethnic minorities. There are some in the medical community who feel that making it possible for people to benefit financially from donating their bone marrow will make more citizens consider the possibility of becoming donors. This would also increase the possibilities of patients being matched with tested donors and create a situation in which the donor and recipient benefit from the operation. This disables the black market which trades on body organs and basically supports a situation in which the poor are pressured to donate their organs. Moreover, this could create a situation where fewer people consider the possibility of contributing their bone marrow as a selfless act because they will feel that it has been commercialised and so is more available to patients from all social classes. Making it possible for people to pay for bone marrow would also transform human beings into commodities that can be used for business practices. Even though it would create a situation in which the bone marrow trading operations of the black market cease to exist, it would also cause there to be more pressure on poor people to combat their present situations by selling their bone marrow. According to Tilney, it could also cause a situation in which human beings are bred for the specific purpose of using their organs for trade (Tilney, 47). It has been argued that there are many nations in which poor people are paid for donating their blood on a regular basis; and that selling the bone marrow

MYOB's Interdepartmental Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MYOB's Interdepartmental Communication - Essay Example This is referred to as interdepartmental communication. Every department needs to communicate with the other departments to inform them as to what are the updates and/or changes that a particular department would be implementing. It is not to know whether the department is doing its designated task, however it is more on knowing how the change would affect the organization as a whole. A particular department’s change would definitely affect the whole company as each department is linked to one another (Carroll, 2010, pp. 10-12). Though working in just one company, people from different departments still find it difficult to communicate with other people belonging to another department. As Carroll (2010, p. 11) expressed, â€Å"interdepartmental communication is a challenge in many industries – one department may not know how its action or inaction affects another department. The managers may incorrectly assume that other departments understand what they need and why.â €  It is not good to assume that everything is okay when memorandums are sent. There should be counter-checking with regard to the comprehension of the memos that were transmitted. MYOB has been providing Australia and New Zealand with downloadable computer software which aids many professionals in their jobs since 1991. Since the company uses the worldwide web as its medium in disseminating this software, the company has options to expand its market internationally without any additional cost (MYOB, 2012). It is known that when a company starts expanding, there would be a need to create departments that would focus on particular aspects of maintaining the website and running the company as a whole at the headquarters. Though working in the same company, there would be instances that employees would not be given the chance to meet everybody on the payroll. The usual mode of communication used in companies in recent years is through company’s electronic mail or e-mail. If s uch is the case, an employee should habitually check his company e-mail for the latest memos or updates circulated to everyone, or an e-mail directly addressed to the person for any issues that need clarifications, or just any direct instruction or message. With the numerous tasks waiting to be accomplished, there would be times that an employee would only be able to check the e-mail at least twice a day, which would be upon coming to work and before leaving the workplace. Since the company is dealing with customers purchasing their products online, people who are using the software can either use the phone numbers listed on the website or just click on the picture on their Contact Us page to be redirected to the proper support group. For this kind of company, it is the support group and the technical department that need to ensure that their interdepartmental communication is synched. Other department that should be synched with each other are the finance and the advertising depart ments. During the latter part of 2011, MYOB released the latest version of one of its accounting software. This should be kudos to the technical department. However, as reported by Sholto Macpherson (2011), there were bugs present in the newer version that either slows down the program itself or makes it unusable at all. Surely, the support group received complaints regarding the bug; however, the technical team was not properly informed about the concern. The scenario would be likely as the latter statement or the technical team

Nursing Rresearch Utilization Project Proposal on Alternative Pain Essay

Nursing Rresearch Utilization Project Proposal on Alternative Pain Management - Essay Example Philosophers, psychologists, biologists and pharmacologists have attempted to understand pain based on an interdisciplinary approach. With technological advances and centuries of research, have led to an in depth of comprehension of pain mechanisms and accordingly several theories have been put forward over the years to explain the mechanism of pain. While the classical theories stressed the physiological aspects of pain, the multidimensional theories included the physiological as well as psychological, cognitive and social aspects of pain (Gatchel et al., 2007). The pain pathway involves three neuron route that carry pain stimuli from periphery to cerebral cortex: the primary afferent neurons, the dorsal horn of spinal cord where primary afferent neurons synapse with second order neuron (SON); and finally the third order neurons (TON) that synapse with SON in thalamic nuclei. Each of these routes involve several alternative pathways. The receptors and the fibers associated with pain perception in peripheral receptor system are known as nociceptors which can be of different types depending on the nature of stimuli received. However there are also two more dimensions to pain perception besides nociception. The individual’s description or assessment of experiences that he labels as pain and the emotional reaction to the pain perception forms the second dimension. The third dimension encompasses the social aspects of pain (Gatchel et al., 2007). Professional aid for pain management becomes essential when it restricts or interferes with daily activities, or when self care techniques fail to provide relief. The ultimate treatment goal for pain is the alleviation of pain symptom and improvement of individual functional ability. Due to its complex nature, pain management is rendered a challenging and multifaceted task. In accordance care providers today incorporate and utilize varied techniques including patient education, medications, physical therapies, relax ation techniques, psychosocial counseling, surgical procedures, injection techniques, various alternative medicine modalities for effective and intensive pain management (Gatchel et al., 2007). Based on this premise the current project proposal aims to explore the available and prevalent alternative pain management techniques and their comparative efficacies. B. Solution description Mind/Body Medicine During the last three decades many researchers have begin to explore the interconnections between mind and body; and have attempted to understand the hitherto unexplored efficacy of most traditional systems of medicine such as Ayurveda and Tibetan medicine. This has led to the emergence of the new field of psychoneuroimmunology. Mid body techniques are based on three premises; relation of body and mind, ability of body to heal itself and role of care provider in restoring health. This field includes techniques such as psychotherapy, hypnotherapy, and guided imagery. Psychotherapy Psych otherapy approaches are based on the interdependence of stress and pain forming a vicious circle. They therefore provide relaxation therapies to develop a sense of control, change the mode of dealing with pain and decreasing levels of discomfort. Hypnosis, music or audioanalgesia and other relaxation techni

HSC2014 Eat And Drink Essay Example for Free

HSC2014 Eat And Drink Essay Be able to support individuals to make choices about food and drink. 1. 3 Describe ways to resolve any difficulties or dilemmas about the choice of food and drink. Allowing an individualthechoiceofwhat theywishtoeat isveryimportantand iftheydonotwant what is on the menu you can try asking what they would prefer and agree with them a suitable alternative. If a service user cannot communicate with words alone, using pictures or some other method to show what food they wish to eat could also be an appropriate method. Explaining the nutritional values of meals and encouraging a healthy option is important but it is the service users right to refuse or choose something different. 1. 4 Describe how and when to seek additional guidance about an individual’s choice of food and drink. Familyandfriendsofa serviceuseroreventheserviceuserthemselvescanprovideguidancein regards to what they like to eat and drink and what they prefer, this information can be found in each service users care plans. However, there may be other times in which additional guidance should be sought out. For example, if a service user is on a particular diet for diabetes or weight loss, if they are on a soft food diet or even a puree diet and you are unsure of what foods are suitable for them then a qualified member of staff can be asked. Be able to provide support for eating and drinking. 3. 1 Describe factors that help promote an individual’s dignity, comfort and enjoyment while eating and drinking. It is important to assess the needs of each service user separately as what works for one may not be suitable for someone else. A calm and clean environment should be provided during meal times and it is vital to ensure that any special cutlery or eating aids are provided at the beginning of each meal and that they are accessible to the service user. You should ensure that a drink is within reach and that what they are eating is suitable for their diet and needs. Providing the service user with encouragement or psychological support is of upmost importance, any assistance should be provided with feeding if the service user struggles or requires aid. Be able to clear away after food and drink. 4. 1 Explain why it is important to be sure that an individual has chosen to finish eating and drinking before clearing away. Itis veryimportantandrespectfultoensurethata serviceuserhasfinishedwiththeirmealbefore clearing it away. It may be that the service user is a slower eater than someone else or is quite simply having a breather, they could also need a break for the toilet; if the food is cleared away before they are ready it is possible for them to be left still feeling hungry or thirsty. This could upset or agitate the service user. Be sure to fully communicate with the service user to be one hundred percent certain that the meal is finished with if they should stop eating. Be able to monitor eating and drinking and the support provided. 5. 1 Explain the importance of monitoring the food and drink an individual consumes and any difficulties they encounter. Keepingarecordormonitoringanindividual’sdietcanbeextremelyimportant. Itcanhelpwith understanding certain likes and dislikes of food, which meals are eaten better and which types of meals are preferred. It can also provide answers in regards to any changes that may highlight certain health issues such as difficulty with swallowing or chewing, struggling with solids but eating better with softer foods or loss of appetite due to illness. Also, if a service user suffers any sudden weight loss, monitoring food intake is important for understanding whether it is a health issue or purely lack of eating. Steps can then be taken to rectify any issues.

Impact of globalization theories in managing cross cultural issues

Impact of globalization theories in managing cross cultural issues Introduction to the research Globalization is a favorite catchword of politicians and journalists. It also became the key idea for business practice and theory, and enters the debates of academic. People mean the globalization often confusing and confused. Here there is a description of some key concepts about the theory of globalization and also describes the experience of globalization [Beck, 2000]. Globalization is used in a short way to describe the connectedness and spread of technologies, communication and production across the world. That spread involves the interweaving of cultural and economic activity.  Globalization is also used to refer the efforts of the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and others to create a global free market for services and goods. This political project is potential and significant  for damaging the poor nations which means to exploit the large process. Globalization is the sense of  connectivity in cultural and economic life across the world that was growing for centuries. Many believe that the present situation is in a different order to what has gone before. The speed of the exchange and communication, the size and complexity of the networks involved and the swerve volume of risk, interaction and trade gives the label a force for globalization [Carter F, 1996].  Ã‚   With the increase in economic interconnection the deep-seated changes of politics and the poor countries has become more dependent on the activities in central economies such as the United States of America where the technical and capital expertise tend to be located. There are shift in the power which is away from the nation and argues towards MNC. It is also witness the rise and brand of the globalization. The large corporations operate in many different countries and they are marketed and developed products that could be sold in Washington. The various brands like Sony, Nike, Coca Cola and the host of others have become a part of the fabric of wide numbers of lives of people.   Globalization also involves the diffusion of technologies, practices and ideas. Globalization is something more than the universalization and internationalization. It is simply the westernization or modernization. It is also the market liberalization. The globalization describes the social relation intensification of worldwide which links the distance places in such a way that the simple occurrences are shaped by the event which occurs with many miles away. This also involves a change that understands the experience localness and geography. The globalization has powerful social, cultural, economic and political dimensions [James, 2000]. The 4 themes that appear with regularity in the literature are:   Supraterritoriality and De-localization;   The power and speed of associated growth of risk and technological innovation;   The rise of MNC; and   The extent to which the creation and the move towards the free markets to lead the division and instability. Aims and objectives of the study Primary Objective: To understand the concept of globalization To study in detail various theories of globalization. To identify the cross cultural issues existing in various multinational corporations in India. To analyze the impact of globalization theories on managing those cross cultural issues. To evaluate the effectiveness of application of globalization theories in resolving cross cultural issues. Secondary Objective:  Ã‚   To create awareness about globalization theories in various multinational corporations in India. To emphasis the application of globalization theories in resolving cross cultural issues existing multinational corporations To assist the various multinational corporations in managing cross cultural issues. Review of literature There are 4 theories of globalization. They are: World Economy theory, Third way theory, Regional Bloc theory and World culture theory. World-Economy Theory: The description of world economic theory is: The process by which the capitalist world-system is spread across the whole globe. The Global marketplace is becoming so integrated and advanced so that the nation-state is becoming waste. The good thing about this theory is that the market is more rational than the governments [David S, 2000]. The bad thing about this theory is that the corporate power is less sympathetic than government. The completion of the process begins late in the 1500s and early 1600s by the explorers of Europe. The World-economy comprise of single labor force and mobile and single world market. The core countries have strong armed forces. Consume high profits, high skills and capital production of intensive. The perceived countries have weak armed forces, low-skill, extraction of raw materials, labor intensive production and weak [Anthony M, 2000]. The Semi-perceived countries have more diversified economies, less dependent on the core than peripheral areas and strong military forces than the perceived countries. Third Way Theory: The description of the third way theory is: This theory seeks to find the relationship between the processes of economy occurring in the local and global scales. This theory is also called as view of transformationalism because it looks the ways for transforming the power of nation to cope up with the pressures of globalization [Thompson P, 1999]. This theory does not focus on the global forces which reduces the powers of nation. The challenge existing institutions are used to restructure/reform or encourage great local autonomy. This theory is linked to agenda of politics. This theory also maintains the diversity in the face of forces of economy that encourages the uniformity. Regional Bloc Theory: The description of Regional Bloc theory is: This theory disagrees strongly with the hyper globalist. In this theory only one world market exists. The growth in the internationalism of investment and trade is the growth of regional economic blocs [Robert J, 1999]. The growth of the regional trading blocs has benefited some countries. There is no single institution or government to guide the process. This theory also inquisitions the acceptance of capitalism which is the root problem. The financial efficiency and emphasis competition of capitalism care for the disempowered and oppressed people. World-Culture Theory: The description of world culture theory is: This theory desire to celebrate and preserve the differences against the cultural homogenization. This theory differs from all other theories because it sees more globalization broadly, to increase the uniformity of culture across the world from the perspective of economics. This theory is also different because the previous theories view the growth of the single world culture which is possible as a consequence of globalization, while this theory view this as an important part of globalization. This theory deep roots the traditions of Europeans [Richard G, 1998]. In this theory the progress of continuation begun from several 100 years ago, with the settlers of Europeans. This theory has established control of politics and also brings new models for central government. In this theory the ideas of individuality and citizenship will spread across traditional boundaries of culture by replacing the traditional priorities of communities in many cultures. How World Culture Theory works: Glocalization: The universal processes and ideas involved in the globalization necessarily are absorbed and interpreted differently according to the history of specific groups and vantage point. The glocalization catches the way in which the heterogenization and homogenization join [Robertson, 1992]. Relativization: Each unit in the emerging world takes the shape similar to the others that surround it. For example as the nation becomes a subject for the universal standards which are derived from the common formation of citizenship, humankind in those societies becomes relativized. Similarly, the Real politics are common in the international system becomes relativized as the principles of humanitarian who invent this concept. The relativization of societies of the inter-state system occurs particularly in the concerns about identity of nations. Interpenetration: Particularly the particularism and universalism are becoming a part of single nexus, united in terms of universality of the experience and, the increase in the expectation. In globalization, the universal is made concrete and specifically it becomes endlessly avoided. Hence globalization is a form of institutionalization of the 2 fold process which involves the particularization of universalism and the universalization of particularism. Emulation: Though the globalization does not create common culture in which everyone holds the same values and beliefs so that it does create single ground in which all factors pursue their goals by comparing with others, by using at least some common standards. The early cases are Great Russia and Peter and Meiji Japan. Emulation takes the form of choosing the ideas of incorporating from the global ground [Danny M, 1992]. Contestation: The ideologies of globe-oriented advocate a tight integrated world while others define the difference. Since the religious movements and traditions are involved prominently in producing the images of world and the religion is a difficult site for these contestations. How World Culture Theory change: The world culture Theory can be changed by: Permanent globalization dynamics: The theory of World culture describes the open ended and ongoing process. All the features of the theory of world culture require continual change. The conflict of culture is the common mechanism. Deregionalization Movements: The globalization provokes resistance/ reaction. The globalization that produces the world equal cultures and substitutes of fundamentalism has its own vision of global. The fundamentalist defines the global fundamentals and operate in terms of global ideas [Waters M, 1995]. Multiple sources: While the theory of world culture emphasizes the role of worldviews and reflexivity in the globalization the principle change can originate anywhere. The theory of world culture is agnostic [Mary K, 2001]. Research methodology The systematic gathering recording and analyzing of the data about the problems, which formulate the hypothesis and suggested organizing, collecting and evaluating data, reaching conclusion and making corrections by testing carefully the conclusions to determine whether they fit to formulate the hypothesis Two forms of research are undertaken in order for the purpose of satisfying the objectives of the study: Primary Research: Data collected through first-hand sources Secondary Research: Second-hand data collected through different sources Primary research- Quantitative Research Quantitative research method will be followed in order to create a detailed analysis of consumers perception regarding emails and direct mails as marketing medium in India. Quantitative research offers several advantages to the study: Brower et al (2000, pg. 366) assert that quantitative researchers pursue- and insist that they generate- value-free, unbiased data. Similarly, McLaughlin et al (2002) highlight the following uses of quantitative approach: Research and establish explicit hypotheses Uses accurate measures of concepts Uses tests of statistical significance Uses controls for other explanatory variables Provides a clear theoretical context Secondary Research Secondary data is the information what was collected in the past for some other purpose. Usually, researchers start their investigation by studying a rich variety of already accessible data, to see if they can make a breakthrough in the study partly or wholly, without the use of expensive, time-consuming first-hand research. The following forms of secondary data will be used to research purpose: Books Journals and articles Newspapers Magazines Online web portals Annual Reports Government Agencies Independent Agencies Government official reports Research Design This study will be descriptive in nature. Sampling design Target population: The target population in this research refers to the top multinational corporations that have been prevailing for more than a decade in India. The respondents are employees designated at managerial level. Sample size This study takes into consideration ten different multinational corporations of India. Sampling unit The sampling units are the following ten multinational corporations and their managers. Samsung Reebok Hyundai Motors LG Vodafone Ford Motors Accenture Voltas Panasonic ABN Amro Bank Sampling method The sampling technique is taken for the study is Convenience Sampling. Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling technique where subjects are selected because of their convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher [Joan Joseph Castillo, 2009]. In convenience sampling, the subjects are easy to select for the study since they are available ready. This technique is highly preferred by many because it is fast, easy and inexpensive. Size of Sample Survey A sample size of 10 respondents (one for each multinational corporation) will be considered for this study. Sampling plan: The data will be collected by mailing them the questionnaires to their workplace. Questionnaire Design: The questionnaire will consist of both open-ended and close-ended questions. Data Analysis and Interpretation The data collected from primary research will be analyzed and interpreted using statistical tools. It is suitable to the study over other tools, because: It provides both subjective as well as objective results, of which subjective can be converted into numbers/scores It can be used to identify and understand the hidden attributes or constructs which would otherwise (in case of direct analysis) have been unapparent It is inexpensive and easier to implement than other tools. Limitations of the study This concentrates on the impact of globalization theories on managing cross cultural issues in multinational corporations and does not involve any other issue. This study focuses exclusively on multinational corporations in India. This study analyzes only the cultural impact created in multinational corporations by globalization theories and does not involve any other impact. This study is applicable for multinational that have been successfully sustaining in the market for more than a decade.

Yersinia pestis - Bacteria Virulence and Symptoms Essay -- Biology Med

Yersinia pestis - Bacteria Virulence and Symptoms Yersinia pestis appeared fairly early in history and is still prevailing today. Humans have come in contact with this bacterium in massive outbreaks throughout history, including the most famous Black Death of the 14th century. From the lack of knowledge of the bacteria and its ability to infect populations rapidly, the human race has suffered immensely. The bacterium is specialized with specific plasmids, Yersinia outer proteins as well as other toxins that it uses to disrupt the body's immune response. Through this, Yersinia pestis avoids harm and effectively infects the circulatory system of its host causing three forms of the plague: Bubonic, Pneumonic and Septicemic. Each form of the plague can develop into a case of fatality as the host experiences painful symptoms, including the large, inflamed bubo. One of the most well known pandemics known to mankind is the plague, also known as the Black Death, which plundered areas from Asia to Western Europe and carried on to the Americas. Though the infection is not the most prevalent compared to many of the world's other bacterial agents, the plague is one of the most feared. Normally, Yersinia pestis is a zoological disease, affecting small mammals and their fleas. However, the most influential outbreak in humans occurred in the 14th century, primarily caused by the rapid movement of rats carrying an infected rat flea, or Xenopsylla cheopis. The bacterium, Yersinia pestis, transferred quickly from person to person as the growing population became infected with the contagious form of the plague. And during Europe's worst outbreak, the lack of scientific knowledge increased the fatality of the Yersinia pestis bacteria. The virulen... ...p://www.nycosh.org/workplace_hazards/Biosafety/PlagueArticle4-05.pdf>. Kopp, Elizabeth, and Medzhitov, Ruslan. ?A Plague on Host Defense.? The Journal of Experimental Medicine. . ?Plague Fact Sheet.? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Department of Health and Human Services. 30 March, 2005. 26 July, 2006. . ?Plague Prevention and Control.? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Department of Health and Human Services. 30 March, 2005. 26 July, 2006. . VeriMed Healthcare Network. ?Plague.? Medline Plus. 17 June, 2005. 26 July, 2006. . Carniel, Elisabeth and Hinnebusch, B. Joseph. Yersinia Molecular and Cellular Biology. Horizon Bioscience. 2004.

The Effects Of Scientific Discoveries And Darwin’s Theories To Thomas Hardy’s: “Hap”

The poem will be interpreted that the agony of the writer will diminish only if he will identify someone who is the source of all the agony that he suffered. He was looking for somebody to blame for his shortcomings, agonies, pains, and suffering (Davidson). The presence of somebody in existence will be beneficial to him so that he can blame and point to it all the antagonism shaped by all the pain that he experience (â€Å"Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)†). But frustrations set in for him.He was unable to find out somebody that existed to blame after (â€Å"Hap†). He was not able to prove that there is someone that controlled all the possibilities that happened to his life. Later on, he only said that all was a product of unplanned possibilities. Just like he was only tripped. Accidental possibility is liable for his agony was the focus of the poem and there is no scientific reason behind everything that is happening to one’s life. Just like Jesus Christ, he exists in the minds of many people but his biological proof is not yet clear.The church created him as super natural being but in fact he never existed. Centuries had passed but no one can justify that he indeed existed. It was all a product of stories that was passed through generations. Stories that later on became factual in the beliefs of people. It is only a myth that had eventually developed like a principle or a law that is unbreakable through time. A principle or a law that can be acceptable even we are already in the information age.This mindset is opposite to the idea of biological theory that all things came from something, evolved and develop through time. And not just a single possibility that we keep on believing although we know that it is not true. Darwin’s Theory was a product of science that is more believable than legends (â€Å"Charles Darwin†). It is a result of biological evolution with scientific basis. Scientific basis that is more reliable than methodolo gical or logical basis.

Diary and Character Essay

Over the course of this 3 week unit, you will have the opportunity to explore the nuances of Macbeth by putting yourself into the mindset of a character you have selected. You will write a series of diary entries as if you were this character, that means from his or her point of view and create an appropriate and creative cover. Requirements: 1. You will be assigned 6 entries, with the option of skipping one entry at any time. If you choose, you may do all 6 entries and receive up to 10 points extra credit. 2. All entries must be at least a page long, double-spaced. Know that some of the topics that you write about will require more length in order to give a full and reflective response, though. 3. Entries must be original and of your own work. Plagiarism of any type will result in an F for this assignment. If you have any doubt about what constitutes plagiarism, please ask me. 4. Entries must be relatively free of spelling, grammar, and punctuation errors. 5. Design a cover/title page for you diary. It must reflect some aspect of the character and should Include illustrations or graphics. 7. For each of the entries, you will pick from the following list of topics. Although you must stay within the limits of what the text says about the character, you are free to use your imagination to fill in the gaps. If you wish, you may also illustrate your entries. You may not repeat any topic. Specific Diary Topics: (Choose at least 5) 1. Pick a specific scene. How does your character feel that he/she contributes to this scene? What are his or her actions and why? Also, explain how your character is relating to other characters on stage at this time. 2. What is something surprising about your character? Discuss this from his/her point of view. 3. What happened today in the life of your character? 4. Have your character write a letter to another character. 5. Write down a quote from your character and have your character write in response to what he or she said. 6. What is your character feeling as a result of his/her actions? 7. What music or television shows might your character enjoy listening to or watching? Why? 8. Have your character talk about how he or she has changed throughout the play. 9. Choose from the following conflicting aspects that Shakespeare uses throughout the play and discuss how your character demonstrates both sides: ambition/duty, bravery/fear, stre ngth/uncertainty, good/evil, and fair/foul. Make sure your character journal matches what the teacher is grading you on in the rubric.

Schools as Organisations

6. 2 Explain the role of schools in national policies relating to children, young people and families. As part of the National Governments incentive to help provide backing and encouragement to practitioners in schools 2 new funding programmes were introduced by the Department for Children, Schools and Families as part f the Government Children Plan. These programmes; Every Child a Talker (ECAT) and Social and Emotional Aspects of Development (SEAD). These were launched to increase the skills of early year’s specialists and were a part of the government’s wider pledge to the education workforce development. These packages were designed to address the need for children in schools to experience a language rich setting through staff in ensuring that they work successfully with both parents and families. Through SEAD, staff in schools would gain the knowledge and understanding to help engage parents more effectively in order for them to be better prepared to support their child’s social and emotional needs. It was the abuse and ultimate death of Victoria Climbie in 2000 which prompted changes in children’s services. The Every Child Matters paper set out a national agenda and plan with the aim of providing more services that were accessible for the needs of children, young people and families which stated that schools and other child care providers must demonstrate ways that they could work towards each of the outcomes. The 5 key aims and intentions were; Be healthy: schools needed to play a leading part in health education towards children and young people which included questioning the significance of snacks and the nutritional contents of school meals, as well as enabling children to enjoy a good physical and mental health by being part of a healthy lifestyle. Stay safe: a survey among 11~16 year olds in mainstream schools claimed that almost 46% had been the victim of some form of bullying, in order to break these statistics it is vital that pupils need to feel that they are being protected in school, in order for schools to do this they must continue to make behaviour management and anti bullying an significant issue. Enjoy and achieve: in order for students to get the most out of life and develop the necessary skills for adulthood children and young people must enjoy their lives and achieve their potential. In order for schools to assist with this they must make improvements in failings across different ethnic groups and unauthorised absences that are unacceptable. Contribute: children and young people need to be involved in their community rather than involve themselves in anti social behaviour. Schools can teach children the ethics of social responsibility and a feeling of ‘belonging’ by providing link to a pupils own community and how they can become a part of it. Achieve a good standard of living: children and young people with parents who are unemployed or existing on low incomes must be encouraged to aspire to a better career and lifestyle for themselves. Schools can develop strategies to enable all students to reach their full potential. At Parkhill School we are part of a walk to school programme which encourages pupils at the school to walk rather than take other forms of transport, for every child who participates they are awarded with a different badge at the end of each month which they proudly display on their bags. We also are part of War Child International; this is a charity which works across the world to support children that are affected by war. Each Christmas the children at our school are asked to provide a shoe box filled with items that would be suitable for a child living in a war torn country. The children feel a great deal of fulfilment and happiness when they know they are helping a child and that gives them a sense of realization about children who have a lot less than themselves

Public Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Public Health - Essay Example The initiative was to provide good sanitation and reduces cases of mortality and morbidity causes by infectious diseases in major cities and areas inhabited by population with lower living standards. The term was also used in 19th century when epidemiologist John Snow realised that the outbreak of infectious diseases such as cholera was a result of environment. He pointed out that the water pump in London town contributed to cholera outbreak and closing it will be solution (Turnock, 2008). Based on the definition of public health, it requires different aspects to be achieved so as to accomplish its meaning. Some of the aspects underlined in the definition of public health are prevention of diseases, prolonging life and promotion of health and efficiency. This is done through education, control of infectious diseases, providing information to the population on maintenance of personal hygiene and management and development of health facilities to assist in provision of healthcare (Turnock 2008). Studying public health is significant to the country and population in general. Studying provides a clear path in tackling complex issues relating to healthcare such as provision of accessible services, control of infectious diseases, and reduction of environmental hazards, curb issues of drug and substance abuse and violence. Studying of the subjects provide an opportunity to specialize in different fields. Additionally, it integrates different professionals such as journalists, teachers, environmentalist, scientist and attorneys working together to provide a safe environment and improve health. Study provides an opportunity to serve local, national and international population (Turnock 2008). United States more of their budget on health issues than any other country in the world. Based on 2004 studies, U.S. per-capita spending was $ 6096. This is double that of Canada which was at

Galinsky's 6 stages of parenthood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Galinsky's 6 stages of parenthood - Essay Example The parents will create an image of what comes ahead in terms of the birth of the child and parenting behaviours. The parents will have this image in their entire life because parenting will be a lifelong process. Growth then occurs when the parents modify an image that is consistent with the reality that is happening. Nurturing is the stage that occurs when the child is born to the time it starts speaking simple words. Parents do comparison of themselves and that of their child to find available discrepancies. Discrepancies present between the imaged child and the actual child is done by parents getting to know the child by touching and caring for it. At this stage, there is bonding and the parents become attached to the child. Parents face questions relating to their priorities; how much time they will devote to the child and how much time they will have for doing their other duties. Authority stage begins when the child is two years to when it is five years, and parents are faced with the task of deciding the kind of authority to be put in place, the rules to be followed and consequences of breaking the rules. Parents, having assured themselves of their identity, develop an attachment to the child, are faced with the task of accepting the authority they have over the child. This is the stage where they come to understand the child is not their extension; therefore, they form images of getting angry, having unconditional love, and having disciplinary actions that are different from those of their parents. There are parent/child relation problems, and the big question at this stage is how to solve problems that occur. Interpretive stage has its onset when the child begins preschool years to onset of teenage. With the entering of the child into kindergarten, the parents ask themselves whether they have been realistic and they evaluate the past in order to prepare for changes coming. The task

TOPIC OF INTERES THAT AFFECT POPULATION HEALTH Research Paper

TOPIC OF INTERES THAT AFFECT POPULATION HEALTH - Research Paper Example The increase in elderly population and emergence of various lifestyle chronic diseases requires nurses with advanced skills that are offered by advanced nurse practitioners (White & Trauax, 2007). Scholarship is important for advanced practice nurses and entails conducting literature reviews that influence the current and future nursing interventions. Scholarship for advanced practice nurses refers to academic study of higher level or grants that awarded to support their higher education based on achievement. In order to attain the scholarship, the individual must first obtain the registered nurse’s (RN) license by passing the required national examinations that are the diploma from accredited nursing schools, associate degree or bachelors degree from nursing schools. According to the literature reviews, nurse practitioner status starts with a Bachelor of Nursing (BSN) and practice as a Generalistic registered practitioner for several years before the individual can attain licensure as registered nurse. Becoming advanced nurse practitioner requires enrollment in to a Masters of nursing practice programs and some individuals continue up to doctoral level. According to Jansen & Zwygart-Stauffacher (2010), the advanced programs focus on specialized nursing knowledge and skills such as cardiology, surgery and emergency medicin e (p 35). Accordingly, the nurses are required to pass a national board certification exam in special population focus such as adult-gerontology, psychiatric and family practice (Miller, 2008, p 257). Furthermore, the nurse practitioners are expected to attain a minimum continuing medical education credits and practice hours in order to attain licensure that is offered by the state boards of nursing (DeNisco & Barker, 2013). The literature reviews has identified some topics as health promotion, pathophysiology, different diagnosis and radiography

What an Amazing person Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What an Amazing person - Essay Example He was chubby, middle aged; and he was wearing a green jacket and dirty pants. What I couldnt stand most was the stink of beer emanating from his mouth, as well as from the opened jar that he was holding. Although consuming beer in public places is illegal, he was in no condition to care about such things. He was so drunk that he couldn’t control his steps when he boarded the light rail. I felt unfortunate, when, of all the empty seats he could have chosen, he chose the one next to me. Having been brought into proximity this way, he immediately started talking to me. I felt awkward and embarrassed about the situation, especially with other passengers glancing at us curiously. I soon realized that I have no option but to put up with him. He talked about his life, and said â€Å"I was a millionaire, but I lost everything now, including my house. He continued â€Å"but I will never give up until I get all that is mine.† I was surprised with his clarity of thought even in such an inebriated state. But at the same time I did not take all his words for facts. He talked about how his chronic illness led to one surgery after another, until he lost all of his wealth. He spoke very emotionally about how he will fight on in life despite presently being in an unfortunate condition. Seeing that I was skeptical about his story, he prompted me ask him questions. He told me that he would answer any question I ask. Just to divert focus from his difficult personal life, I started talking about different countries. Qatar came into the discussion as it is my home country. He then amazed me with his knowledge about the country. He listed Qatars recent foreign policies and how it has improved in the last 15 years. He also mentioned Sheik Hamad, the president of Qatar; and Hamad Bin Jassim, the minister of foreign affairs of Qatar and how great were they in the political world. When he said that Qatar might be

Cross Platform Mobile and Web Widgets installation Thesis

Cross Platform Mobile and Web Widgets installation - Thesis Example re has been a need of a framework that could allow for client-based cross-platform widgets or application, thus removing restrictions imposed by server and allowing for more powerful web applications or widgets to be used by a website user. In this research, an attempt has been made to develop a client-based framework that can allow a web widget to be installed and run on any client platform, thus allowing the web widget to modify and display the information sent by the web server in a way that is more comprehensible and productive to the user. As part of this research, a prototype framework has been successfully developed for Android operating system. This framework consists of three components which are the micro engine, the Event Hook and the browser plug-in. Dalvik VM for the Android operating system has been modified to run on an x86 architecture system. It is then utilized to run the web widget or application making it accessible for the user from within the browser. The successfully development and demonstration of the framework shows that client-based multi-platform applications or widgets are certainly possible. The framework itself is a first, since no attempts to develop such type of framework were made. Hence, it is expected that this research will open up a new area for web widget development and form the basis of a large number of future researches. Computer-mediated communication and decision-making applications for teams are extremely varied and ubiquitous, ranging from e-mail to shared bulletin boards for classrooms to remote conferencing. As the potential to put these applications onto the Web becomes better exploited, computer-mediated communication and coordination of teams of individuals will become even more widespread. Although the Web is normally thought of as an individual-to-mass form of communication, it actually has a great deal of potential to serve team collaboration. This is largely due to the cross-platform nature of Web design.

The Impact of Substance Abuse on the Adolescent Population Essay Example for Free

The Impact of Substance Abuse on the Adolescent Population Essay Introduction Understanding the scope of drug use and addiction in the world includes knowing the prevalence among various populations and researching the many health and social consequences. The United States is both the largest producer of drug research in the world and the world’s only â€Å"drug-control superpower.† The simultaneous leadership in social science and world agenda setting is not the result of a symbiotic relationship between American research and policy making.During adolescence, friends and peers become far more influential than before, and intimate dating relationships become primary interests (Laursen Williams, 1997). Along with these important developmental changes, however, come increased risks of pregnancy, sexually transmitted disease, and abuse by and toward dating partners (Leaper Anderson, 1997). As well, alcohol and drug use and abuse enters the picture, which may contribute to the occurrence of the other risk behaviors (Milgram, 1993; National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, 1999). Although some of these developments are harmless, there is a growing awareness of the importance of education and prevention to increase teens personal safety and responsibility. Not surprisingly, prominent adolescent risk behaviors are alcohol and drug abuse, unsafe sexual behavior, and dating violence-share many of the same contributing risk factors, although to important and differing degrees. These include problems related to the family, such as family conflict and violence, poor relationship attachment, early and persistent behavior problems, as well as peer and academic problems, such as school failure, peer rejection, and exposure to community violence. In addition to the above, teen pregnancy, early sexual intercourse, and risky sexual behaviors are associated with early onset of puberty, truancy, and delinquency (Kilpatrick, Acierno, Saunders, Resnick, Best, 2000). In the absence of compensatory factors, such as education and social competence, these varied risk factors can contribute to or become risk behaviors (e.g., alcohol use is associated with teen pregnancy and violence). Common Elements A common family element found among teens who engage in these high risk behaviors is the amount of time spent without proper adult involvement or supervision (Dishion, Capaldi, Spracklen, Li, 2005). Not surprisingly, children who grow up in caring and supportive homes are more likely to resist risky behaviors, while children who have grown up witnessing or experiencing alcohol abuse or violence in their homes, having poor family structure and insecure attachment-related experiences are more likely to be less resistant to these same risky, unhealthy behaviors. A description of the age, gender, and ethnic identities of youth who engage in high risk behavior is provided by the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance, which tracks data regarding many health risk behaviors for adolescents in the United States. According to this data, black youth, for example, report significantly higher rates of sexual intercourse before age 13 than do Whites and Hispanics, while White youth report the highest levels of forced sexual intercourse. Black youth also report less alcohol consumption at last sexual intercourse and higher condom use than do White and Hispanic youth. Not surprisingly, males report more alcohol use before the age of 13 than females, across all ethnic groups (YRBSS). However, these data on prevalence of self-reported adolescent risk behaviors is descriptive only, and tells little about the contextual factors contributing to such risk. While looking closer at some of the factors that may contribute to the mentioned risk behaviors, the one can see that alcohol use among teenagers remains prevalent in todays society. A national probability sample of 4,023 adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 found that 15% of the sample used alcohol, 10% used marijuana, and 2% reported hard drug use in the past year (Kilpatrick et al. 2000). Although some alcohol consumption among adolescents is considered normative, there is great concern for the number of teens who are exhibiting signs of alcohol abuse or dependence with 7% of the above sample meeting diagnostic criteria for alcohol, marijuana, or hard drug abuse or dependence. Trends in alcohol use reported in the Youth Risk Behavior Survey indicate that binge drinking (five or more drinks on one occasion during the 30 days prior to the survey) has shown little variation over the past several years, ranging from 31.3% in 1991 to 33.4% in 1997 to 31.5% in 1999 (Centers for Disease Control, 2000). Binge drinking continues to be a problem among youth and needs to be targeted specifically. Importantly, studies have found that alcohol use influenced the practice or involvement in a number of other high-risk behaviors. Sexual activity, smoking, and drinking and driving were significantly related to heavy drinking. Another study examining trauma experiences among adolescents found that those who reported alcohol abuse or dependence were 6-12 times more likely to have a history of childhood physical abuse, and 18-21 times more likely to have a sexual abuse history (Clark, Lesnick, Hegedus, 2001). The continued increase in alcohol consumption among teenagers is cause for concern, particularly as it relates to and influences other risk factors and behaviors. Teen Addiction, Recovery and Relapse   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These three (3) aspects are critical elements of this discussion because they are more closely related to reach other than originally recognized.   Teen addiction has often been linked to the risk factors that will be discussed in the later segments of this paper (Kilpatrick et al. 2000).   Teen addiction is often correlated to exposure to risk factors.   The causal link that has been found is that the risk activities that teens are exposed to often lead to drug addiction and dependency.   Alternatively, those that find themselves in drug related problems are often also found to take part in risk activities. The second element, teen recovery is also connected to all of these factors in that the success of recovery treatment depends highly not solely on the teen’s non-exposure to drugs but also with the withdrawal from all of those risk factors such as drinking, smoking and healthier dating relationships.   Finally, this section will also shed light on the relapse rate which has also been found to be closely related to alcohol and smoking problems.   As found in most studies, continued use of non-drug addictive substances also increases the relapse rate especially among teens.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As previously mentioned, teen addiction is often attributed to many different factors.   The foremost among these factors remain peer pressure, troubled childhood and lack of parental and substitute parental guidance (e.g. teachers).   These are well documented causes of teen drug addiction which will only be briefly discussed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While there are theories that suggest it may not be just one single element that promotes teen drug addiction, it cannot be denied that the aforementioned factors when taken together do increase the chances of teen drug addiction.   Given this fact, once these factors are added with the risk factors such as social acceptance which leads to increased sexual activity, drug addiction not only becomes guaranteed but continued substance abuse well into the late teens is also certified. In the book entitled, â€Å"Care of Drug Users in General Practice: a harm reduction approach†, it has been found that addiction to drugs is not always the primary addictive element and that in certain cases the addiction is to the other benefits derived from drug addiction that individuals find more appealing such as social acceptance and increased sexual activity (Phillips 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The issue of recovery, as discussed in â€Å"Care of Drug Users in General Practice: a harm reduction approach† often cites that recovery is based on the same factors that caused the addiction but to a varying extent (Phillips 2004).   This basically means that in order for one to enter voluntarily, which has been found to have to lowest relapse rate, into drug rehabilitation programs, there is a need for the external aid.   The cause which began the substance abuse must also be willing to aid the individual in the rehabilitation stage.   An example of this would be sexually active teenagers who attempt rehabilitation but fail due to one of the partner’s refusal to enter the same program.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Teens are at a very impressionable stage and in order to be able to reach out to them one must be able to reach out to their peers.   This is easier said than done, however, since the clannish nature of most teenagers makes it almost impossible to be able to get on a more comfortable personal level with any of them (Phillips 2004).   Most drug rehabilitation programs have begun implementing peer outreach programs where the former successful teen patients volunteer to help the centers in reaching out to the troubled youth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally, the problem of relapse must also be discussed.   Relapse is often a greater problem than getting the addict to rehabilitation.   The reason for this is that maintaining the dissociation with drugs and the related elements requires constant vigilance without outside intervention (Phillips 2004).   Most of the problems that teen addicts face after rehabilitation lies in breaking away from comfortable and familiar ties who are often still exposed to the drug elements to which the teen seeks to break ties from.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is a lot of literature on this matter which suggests that drug rehabilitation programs should equally pay attention to the â€Å"check out† stage of most recovered addicts.   While there is success in getting the addict to quit, for the time being, success can only be measured in its entirety.   In this dangerous and socially important aspect, partial success does not count as a victory (Phillips 2004).   What truly matters is getting the teen to totally isolate himself or herself from any factor which may bring about a relapse.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In order to tackle this problem, it is important to maintain peer programs such as the AA and the like that have constant monitors on their members.   There are programs that have already instituted these types of programs but most have failed due to the lack of commitment by most of its members (Phillips 2004).   Teen drug addiction is not an easy problem to admit as most teens often find themselves in denial of their addiction and take it instead as a growing pain that everyone goes through (Phillips 2004).   Yet, as revealed earlier, the teen drug abuse rates reveal a different story.   Therefore, in order to address the problem of drug relapse, most teenagers must be able to realize that the addiction was not just a part of growing up but rather an experience that is avoidable and must not be repeated. Teen Treatment Systems   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This section will briefly tackle the issue on treatment systems such as counseling or outpatient services and its effects on the adolescent population whether it is helpful or only helpful when combined.   At the onset, it must be stated that as a part of the rehabilitation system, the issue on counseling and/or outpatient services is critical.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As previously mentioned in the prior section, many of the treatment systems that have been implemented do not focus solely on counseling alone but also include other treatments such as outpatient services and extracurricular activities (Philips 2004).   Counseling, as discussed in a number of studies, is only effective up to a certain extent.   While generally considered as a more passive approach to treatment, newer and more dynamic systems have also been added to the treatment (Botvin 2005).   It has been found that counseling is only the initial step in teen substance abuse rehabilitation.   It must be complemented by more dynamic systems as teen outreach programs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The value of an addict for his or her life is greatly increased when seen in the context of aiding the community.   These new treatment systems have been developed specifically to target teens.   The reason for this is that it allows for the effective isolation from the harmful and detrimental substance abuse elements and allows the addict or individual to be â€Å"reintroduced† as a productive member of society and the community (Botvin 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second step in this process is the outpatient service that is offered.   The problem of relapse is common among teenagers and as such effective outpatient services to monitor the teens is necessary.   The greatest danger comes from not being able to maintain the positive and productive environment for the adolescent.   This is perhaps the single most important step in keeping the teens from relapsing into substance abuse (Botvin 2005). Teen Addiction and Risk Factors As such, it is also relevant to discuss how addiction manifests itself in relation to certain aspects such as risky behavior because certain studies have shown that drug addiction is intensified by these elements as well. Dating Relationships Teens generally begin dating, either singly or in small groups, between 13 and 18 years of age, with a range of variability regarding frequency, level of intimacy, seriousness, and importance of these relationships. An illustration of dating, intimacy, and sexual experiences and expectations is provided by an in-depth survey conducted by the Kaiser Family Foundation and YM Magazine, involving 650 boys and girls ages 13-18 years (Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation and YM Magazine, 1999). They discovered levels or stages of intimacy that developed by age of the youth; that is, intimacy progressed as the youth developed in age chronologically, not as the relationship progressed in length. Most 13-14-year-old teens (72%) reported that it is typical for dating couples their age to kiss, with 45% reporting that French kissing, petting (15%), and intercourse (4%) are expected. Adolescents 15-16 years of age expected an increased level of sexual activity, with 93% reporting kissing, and slightly higher rates of French kissing (71%), petting (48%), and intercourse (28%) as normative. Couples at this age typically spend more time alone together. Older teens (ages 17-18 years) have significantly more sexual experience, with 57% reporting petting to be typical and slightly more than half (52%) reporting intercourse to be typical of their dating relationships. Just as intimacy becomes more involved and prevalent in older teens relationships, so does the significance of the relationship. Although teens continue to value relationships with parents, siblings, other family members, and nonrelated adults, relationships with dating partners begin to gain in importance. Gender differences emerge in how relationships develop in significance and closeness during the adolescent years. A study of the network of relationships among younger adolescents found that dating partners were ranked 6th out of 7 in terms of support received (i.e., companionship, intimacy, instrumental help, affection, enhancement of worth, nurturance of the other, and reliable alliance). By mid-adolescence, dating partners were tied for second place with mothers and, in college, males rated their dating partner as the most supportive person in their network, while females gave equally high ratings to partners, same sex friends, siblings, and mothers (Furman Buhrmester, 2002). A similar study comparing dating and non-dating adolescents found older adolescents and males interacted more frequently with romantic Clinical Issues in Intervention dating partners, whereas younger adolescents and females divided their social interaction time among several relationships (Laursen Williams, 1997). What is not clearly understood, however, is how these relationships emerge in early adolescence, and how these relationships transform over the course of adolescence. Gender differences in expectations and closeness may lead to conflict and tension in dating relationships, if these expectations are not clearly understood or reciprocated. Patterns for more high-risk youth (e.g., those involved in dropout prevention and alternative school programs) stand in contrast to these normative patterns. Of high-risk youth, 35% report being 13 years or younger at first intercourse, 33% were 14-15 years old, and 13% were 16 years or older (OHara et al., 2003). Obviously, youth with other risk behaviors (such as alcohol abuse or school problems) are more likely to also engage in high-risk sexual behavior. Monitoring dating abuse and violence among adolescents is fairly new. Surveys of high school students report 36%-45% of students experience any form of violence in the relationship as a victim or perpetrator (OKeefe Treister, 2003). Recently, a measure of physical abuse in dating relationships has been added to the Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Intentional physical violence, including being hit, slapped, or physically hurt on purpose by a boyfriend or girlfriend, was reported by 8.8% of youth in the 2005 Youth Risk Behavior survey (YRBSS, 2005). A series of focus group studies with adolescent males and females ages 14-19 years regarding teen dating relationships revealed many disturbing attributions regarding harassment and abuse in dating relationships. Factors that caused violence as reported by the teens were grouped into individual, couple, and social levels (Lavoie, Robitaille, Hebert, 2000). Individual factors attributed to the aggressor included jealousy, the boys need for power, and alcohol and drug use. During focus group discussions, youth identified factors attributed to the victim including provocation by the girl, previous experience with violence, a victim personality type (i.e., one who is easily preyed upon), and a strong need for affiliation. Factors attributed to the couple included communication problems and sadomasochism. There was endorsement for consensual violent sex, meaning that a little force during intimacy was considered acceptable as long as both partners agreed. Although consensual, the youth did regard this as sometimes being problematic because partners have agreed to the violence, but may not be sure when one or the other has then crossed the line. Teens in this study frequently attributed blame for violence in the relationship to the victim. Importantly, physical violence in a dating relationship has different ramifications for males and females. While there is a trend to believe that males and females are equally violent, there is evidence that females perpetrate more violence than males out of self-defense. There are also differences in the severity of violence experienced, as well as the impact it has on the victim (Foshee, 2006). A study of high school dating violence revealed that girls experienced significantly more severe physical violence than boys (Jackson, Cram, Seymour, 2000). Females were more likely to be punched and to be forced into sexual activity, whereas males were more likely to be pinched, slapped, scratched, and kicked. The physical effects of the violence were more severe for females, with 48% reporting that it â€Å"hurt a lot† or caused bruises (29%). Males (56%) more frequently reported that it did not hurt at all. Reaction to the worst incident of violence in the relationship also was assessed. Males most frequently reported that they laughed (54%) in reaction to the situation, while females reported a number of other responses: crying (40%), running away (11%), and fighting back (36%); 12% reported that they obeyed their partner. Sexual assault and forced sexual intercourse also occur at an alarming rate during adolescence (9-10% of first sexual intercourse experiences were forced). Males perpetrate more sexual dating violence than females, and females sustain more sexual violence than males (Foshee, 2006). Sexual Activity among Adolescents While it is easy to track female pregnancy rates, adolescent males are typically not researched or surveyed regarding their histories of fathering pregnancies. A study of urban African-American male youth regarding pregnancy history and other health-risk behaviors indicated that 24.2% reported a pregnancy history. These males were 14 times more likely to report three or more sex partners in the last year, more than five times as likely to report a sexually transmitted disease history, and more than three times more likely to test positive for drugs than males without a pregnancy history. Safe sex practices also seem to be of little concern to these males, as they were 2.5 times as likely to be inconsistent or nonusers of condoms during sexual intercourse (Guagliardo, Huang, DAngelo, 2006). Disturbingly, a study of youth in dropout prevention and alternative school programs assessed for risk of HIV/AIDS prevention found that use of alcohol and drugs and age of sexual initiation were significantly associated with a high risk profile ile for AIDS/HIV (OHara et al., 2003). Males (29%) were more likely than females (14%) to use alcohol and drugs before having sex and were more than likely to have had sex with two or more partners (males, 78%; females, 22%). Early onset of sexual intercourse is cause for concern, particularly as it increases the likelihood of increased numbers of sexual partners and condom nonuse during the adolescent. Increased numbers of sexual intercourse partners has been correlated with risk behaviors such as unintended pregnancy, HIV/AIDS, and other sexually transmitted diseases. Connections between dating violence and alcohol use were found to be among the strongest predictors for an increased number of sexual intercourse partners for Black and White adolescent males and females (Valois, Oeltmann, Waller, Hussey, 2003). Younger dating youth who have older partners may be at greater risk of experiencing dating violence. Not including cases where physical force was threatened or used at first sexual intercourse, 34% of male partners of 11-12 year old females were five or more years older; 12% of male partners of 13-15 year old females were five or more years older; and 7% of male dating partners of 16-18 year olds were five years or more older (Leitenberg Saltzman, 2000). Although the disparity in age range between the male and female partners seems to decrease as females get older, such disparity has important prevention implications. Information about onset of sexual intercourse is available, but information is scarce about feelings regarding the experience, planning for the event, and discussion regarding birth control or safe sex practices before intercourse has occurred (Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation and YM Magazine, 1999). Females tend to feel more pressure to participate in some form of sexual activity and are more concerned about what friends, peers, and the dating partner think of them. Motivation for initiation of sexual intercourse has not been significantly examined. Predictors for early initiation of sexual intercourse include a belief that they are more mature than their peers, early physical maturity, a tendency to use hard drugs, and a desire for earlier autonomy from parents (Rosenthal, Smith, de Visser, 1999). Research regarding individual risk factors and risk behaviors has been conducted primarily in isolation. Recently, research into how these many behaviors are related has begun to take place. Making the links between these factors and behaviors may have important consideration when designing prevention programs. Making the Links The links between adolescent risk behaviors described above merit careful investigation. While it is understood that these behaviors do not usually occur in isolation, there seems to be no clear understanding of how they operate together, and what the ramifications might be for adolescent dating relationships. The survey data presented earlier shows that some adolescents begin drinking at an early age, and many begin to experience sexual intercourse at an early age. Undoubtedly, there are serious health ramifications to these issues (i.e., potential for pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, alcohol and other drug dependence, and increased aggression). Typically, researchers have considered these ramifications in the context of the individual, a lot depends on the occurrence of these behaviors in peer and dating relationships, and the possible impact on individuals and relationships. Linking Alcohol and Sexual Activity A report written by the Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse used data from two prominent surveys in the United States: the 1997 Youth Risk Behavior Survey; and the 1995 National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, regarding adolescent risk behaviors to develop a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the connections among alcohol, drug use, and all aspects of sexual activity and violence (National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, 1999). Again, the links among dating violence and alcohol and sex are not explicit. However, significant findings from this report reveal that teens who use alcohol and drugs are more likely to have sexual intercourse, initiate sexual intercourse at an earlier age, have multiple sex partners, and be at greater risk for sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy. Early onset of drug use and number of years of sexual intercourse has been found to be associated with increased numbers of sex partners. In addition, students with more partners are more likely to be heavier drug users. The Kaiser Family Foundation study found that almost two in ten (17%) teens, aged 13-18, who have had an intimate encounter, admit having done something sexual while under the influence of drugs or alcohol that they otherwise might not have done. One in three (32%) girls, 17-18 years of age, have had this experience. Linking Alcohol and Intimate Violence The links between alcohol use and marital aggression have been documented, but the same attention has not been shown to adolescent dating relationships. Only recently have questions regarding dating violence been added to the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (Centers for Disease Control, 2000). Substance abuse is frequently linked with sexual violence. Alcohol has been named the primary culprit for date rape on college campuses (National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, 1999). A study of college men and women found that 78% of undergraduate women experienced sexual aggression, and 57% of men reported being sexually aggressive. Dates that included sexual aggression were more likely to include heavy drinking or drug use, in comparison to the last date that did not include sexual aggression. Among high school students, experiencing dating violence has been identified as a salient risk factor for females for using alcohol or street drugs, and increases the odds 20-fold for alcohol and drug use (Wekerle, Hawkins, Wolfe, 2001). There is a move toward establishing a better understanding of the significance and links among adolescent risk behaviors. With this understanding comes a need to develop new prevention programs that deal with these risk behaviors in a broader sense, rather than in isolation. Adolescent Risk Behavior and Drug Prevention Programs Prevention programs developed over the past decade have been targeted specifically at adolescents for a number of risk behaviors: dating violence, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, pregnancy prevention, safe sex programs, and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, to name a few. Literature reviews and program evaluation studies point to the conclusion that programs may be successful at providing information and delaying onset of the risk activity, but long-term prevention of the focused risk behavior is seldom achieved. Evaluation of prevention programs in all of these areas has been limited due to methodological problems, such as inadequate standardized measures, ambiguity of terms (e.g., defining dating relationships), lack of multiple informants and control groups, lack of trained facilitators, and long-term follow-up issues. Some programs are developed for universal prevention, while others are targeted at groups considered to be at greater risk based on presence of known risk factors. Undoubtedly, good prevention programs are derived from theory, input from youth, and practice. There are several theories that have contributed to the creation of prevention programs for dating violence, substance abuse, and pregnancy or safe sex education. Social learning theory postulates that youth are vulnerable as a result of the social environment in which they are raised. Negative family, peer, and community influences will contribute to risk for adapting to negative behaviors. Problem behavior theory relies on the belief that some youth may have a natural tendency for deviance or nonconformity and, therefore, may be more likely to engage in problem behaviors. Adolescents may engage in alcohol consumption or early onset of sexual intercourse because they perceive it as a means to achieve a goal, that is, peer acceptance, or to cope with boredom, unhappiness, anxiety, or rejection (Botvin Botvin, 2002) Theory and model testing of problem behaviors in a recent study of early adolescents found support for a model that included specific factors related to aggression, drug use, and delinquent behaviors, and a higher order problem behavior factor (Farrell, Kung, White, Valois, 2006). Life-skills training programs that have been developed based on problem behavior theory are built on the philosophy that targeting the underlying determinants (such as personal and social competence skills) will affect the factors that cause the risk behavior. Similarly, social bonding theory links healthy attachments to family and school as factors that protect youth from deviant behavior; unhealthy attachments are regarded as risk factors (Farrell, Kung, White, Valois, 2006). Instead of focusing on preventing something negative from happening to youth, some recent programs emphasize youth involvement and empowerment, which shifts the focus to promoting positive youth development. In this approach, youth are considered as assets and resources rather than problems or â€Å"targets.† Prevention programs, such as the Youth Relationships Program have expanded the role of theory to include youth empowerment as a central theme in educating youth about positive, healthy relationships program and the avoidance of violence and abuse. Several factors have been identified as being essential components of prevention programs among adolescents, regardless of the topic. The location of the program is often debated as to whether schools or other community service agencies are better. In the case of sexuality and education prevention programs, there is no question that these programs should be offered in schools; however, what programs should be taught remain a concern (Kirby Coyle, 1997). Some groups favor teaching abstinence until marriage only, while others favor education regarding contraception and sexuality. Similarly, dating violence prevention programs have been offered in schools and in community service agencies with varying degrees of success. These programs may be most effective when embedded in a declared school context of â€Å"zero tolerance† for any type of school violence. The advantages of school-based programs include access to youth, space, and time, and staffing support. The disadvantages include concerns that truant youth, who may need the program most, are not available in the schools; disclosures of abuse in the classroom may not be handled well in a large classroom situation; a large group may not be a safe place to discuss personal beliefs and attitudes; and learning may be limited to only the school context of the individuals life. These concerns notwithstanding, the main advantage of community-based programs has been the development of community partnerships. Although the advantages may not be inherently evident in the results of the prevention program itself (i.e., preventing something bad is hard to prove), such programs appear to reduce duplication of services, increase cooperation and efficiency among service providers, and help integrate services into the community. In turn, communities that have a â€Å"face†-a reputation for cooperative and active prevention-have significantly reduced the perceived and actual levels of violence, even in the poorest neighborhoods (Sampson Morenoff, 1997). Advocates of prevention programs favor sustained, long-term efforts in education to make prevention successful. Programs should be on-going from kindergarten to the final year of high school, and should be especially intensive just prior to the age of initiation of substance use or similar risk behaviors. Unfortunately, it seems that this does not transfer readily into practice. In the case of sexuality education in Canada, a report by the Council of Ministers of Education indicates that curriculum time in schools available for sexuality education has been reduced as health education becomes combined with physical and career education. Fewer public health nurses in schools also severely reduced the quality and availability of preventive sexual health education services to adolescents (Council of Ministers of Education of Canada, 1999). Pregnancy prevention and sexuality education programs, while deemed extremely important in reducing teen pregnancy rates and incidence of sexually transmitted disease, are critically received by a number of groups and agencies when being implemented in communities. Differing views regarding how to handle this issue conflict with effective program implementation. For example, some religious and moral beliefs dictate that youth should remain abstinent during adolescence, that parents are responsible for protecting their children from negative influences, and that education will positively influence knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs. Programs that focus on abstinence or pregnancy prevention have typically been delivered to females only. While females need to take responsibility for their choices and actions, males also need to be educated about the same issues in order to make responsible choices as well. Males who have unprotected sex are also at risk of becoming fathers and contracting sexually transmitted diseases (Pierre, Shrier, Emans, DuRant, 2006). Substance abuse prevention programs have typically been school-based and education focused (Botvin Botvin, 2002). Evaluations of earlier programs have consistently found them to be ineffective. One school-based intervention was able to show significant reductions in drug use enduring for six years after implementation of the program. The success of this program was attributed to teaching a combination of resistance and social competence skills, the proper implementation of the program, and sufficient length for program with at least two years of booster implementations (Botvin, Schinke, Epstein, Diaz, Borvin, 2005). The Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (Brounstein Zweig, 2000) has identified six prevention strategies that can be used in combination to develop prevention programs that focus on risk and protective factors for substance abuse, including: information dis semination, prevention education, alternatives, problem identification and referral, community-based process, and environmental approaches. The Center for Substance Abuse Prevention has recently completed an analysis of substance abuse prevention programs that have been evaluated. Rigorous statistical criteria for evaluation were adopted, resulting in the definition of eight model programs which have adopted a combination of these prevention strategies, representing a number of age groups, as well as universal, selective, and indicated prevention for children and youth (Brounstein Zweig, 2000). Of all these programs, only one included information regarding sex or health education, and one provided information and skills for violence and gang prevention and conflict resolution. Although these programs were successful in reducing risk factors and increasing protective factors, they did not demonstrate alcohol and drug use prevention. Unfortunately, there are no existing programs that address alcohol and dating violence prevention together. Although some alcohol abuse prevention programs do discuss or deal with aggression, it is usually in the context of community violence not intimate interpersonal violence. A review of prevention programs that focus on teenage sexual risk behavior indicated that they also were narrowly focused to one aspect of this behavior, that is, abstinence only, contraception programs, and HIV/AIDS awareness programs (Kirby Coyle, 2007). It is time to begin linking these risk behaviors together in universal and targeted prevention efforts, focusing on the intimate and personal effects of these risk behaviors on teenage dating relationships. Adolescence provides an opportunity to enter into discussions regarding the impact, consequence, and prevalence of these behaviors and explore the perceived benefits and drawbacks of these risk behaviors. Prevention programs can offer an opportunity for youth and adults to engage in discussions regarding the motivators for initiating these behaviors and relevant information regarding short term effects. Prevention of specific risk behaviors requires community coordination and varied input. Parents, teachers, school officials, health care workers, and community workers need to be part of strategies to prevent risk behaviors. Community organizations and resources have learned to work collaboratively on a number of issues, including violence, alcohol, drug use, and the prevention of pregnancy. Collaboration and coordination helps to reduce costs and improve efficiency as well as build community. The growing research provides evidence that youth may possess a number of concurrent risk factors for any of the behaviors that are outlined in this chapter. There is overlap among the risk factors and behaviors and, therefore, prevention programs need to better consider the clustering of these components and develop programs that will address a number of these issues simultaneously (Saner Ellickson, 2006). However, intervention and prevention programs have been weak in helping youth to manage risk and anticipate risky situations in advance. Because all risks cannot be eliminated, youth need to learn how to manage them. 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